أخلاقيات البحث العلمي

Ethics in Research

• Research ethics committees review research projects to ensure adherence to guidelines and ethical principles, protecting participants' rights and safety. These committees can operate locally, globally or at institutional levels (universities, hospitals).
• Historical examples, like unethical human experimentation during World War II, demonstrate the importance of research ethics.
• The Nuremberg Code (post-WWII) established guidelines for conducting experiments.
• The Declaration of Helsinki (1964), a landmark document from the World Medical Association, serves as a primary ethical framework for medical research to this day.
• The Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki were reviewed in 1982 and again after 1992. These revisions resulted in global guidelines for research ethics for human participants.

Qualities of a Researcher

• Researchers must be truthful, honest, and accurate in presenting research results.
• Researchers should not fabricate or modify data. Results should be reported as they are, without altering them.
• Researchers should avoid plagiarism by noting sources and not claiming the ideas of others as their own.
• The level of experience and training should correlate with the research being undertaken. Supervisors or experts are important resources for choosing a suitable research topic.

Structure of a Research Paper

• Summary or Abstract: A brief overview of the study.
• Introduction: Background information and the topic's context.
• Aim of the study: The research objectives.
• Material and Method: How the research was conducted.
• Results: Findings of the study.
• Discussion: Analysis and interpretation of the results.
• Conclusion and Recommendations: Summary of findings and suggestions for future work.
• References: Sources used in the research.