Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam #2

Questions and Answers

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s Disease are examples of which type of bowel disorder?

Intussusception

Inflammatory (correct)

Mechanical bowel obstruction

Volvulus

Which viral hepatitis is primarily transmitted through fecal-oral routes?

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis A (correct)

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis E

Which congenital defect impairs an infant's ability to properly nurse or take a bottle?

Cleft palate (correct)

Injury at birth

Premature birth

Spina bifida

Gallstones can lead to which one of the following complications?

Acute pancreatitis Signup and view all the answers

What condition could cause jaundice in a client?

Gallstones obstructing the bile duct Signup and view all the answers

What can an ascending urinary tract infection lead to?

Pyelonephritis Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte requires close monitoring in clients with chronic kidney disease?

Phosphorus Signup and view all the answers

Obstruction in the ureter and enlarged prostate is associated with which type of kidney injury?

Postrenal kidney injury Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily linked to hypertension and diabetes?

Kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

Which sign indicates a client is in the oliguric phase of acute renal failure?

Decreased urine output Signup and view all the answers

What classic manifestation is associated with glomerulonephritis?

Proteinuria Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential component of managing end-stage renal disease?

Erythropoietin administration Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are indicative of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?

Weak stream, nocturia, and difficulty initiating stream Signup and view all the answers

What does a nurse suspect if a client presents with dull, achy flank pain and a palpable mass in the costovertebral angle?

Renal cell carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What type of incontinence occurs due to increased intraabdominal pressure during activities like coughing?

Stress incontinence Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary component is typically restricted for patients with kidney disease?

High-protein foods Signup and view all the answers

Which type of incontinence is typically caused by neurological damage?

Overflow incontinence Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of cystitis?

Dysuria Signup and view all the answers

What finding will a nurse observe in a patient diagnosed with hypospadias?

Urinary meatus on the ventral undersurface of the penis Signup and view all the answers

What will the urine look like in a patient diagnosed with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Dark urine Signup and view all the answers

What do you call endometrial tissue growing outside of the uterus?

Endometriosis Signup and view all the answers

Menstruation stops due to which of the following?

Increased progesterone secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnosis is associated with hirsutism, amenorrhea, and infertility?

Polycystic ovary syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a male with inflammation of the glans penis?

Balanitis Signup and view all the answers

In adrenocortical insufficiencies, such as Addison disease, which manifestation would you see?

An insufficient amount of circulating cortisol Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is hypercalcemia most likely to occur?

Hyperparathyroidism Signup and view all the answers

How is the etiology of myxedema in thyroid deficiency described?

Lack of thyroid hormone contributes to non-pitting edema Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary characteristics of Cushing syndrome?

Excessive cortisol production, fluid retention, and moon-face appearance Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanisms primarily cause hyponatremia in clients with Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH)?

Increased sodium secretion and fluid retention Signup and view all the answers

Which arterial blood gas values are consistent with ketoacidosis in a diabetic patient?

pH 7.28, HCO3– 18 mEq/L, PCO2 28 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT associated with myxedema due to hypothyroidism?

Weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is typically seen in Cushing syndrome?

Moon facies and hypertension Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with SIADH, what is the expected serum sodium level?

Decreased due to fluid overload Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bowel Disorders

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's Disease are classified as inflammatory bowel disorders.

Viral Hepatitis

Hepatitis A and E are transmitted via the fecal-oral route; Hepatitis C and B are primarily bloodborne.

Congenital Birth Defects

Cleft palate affects an infant’s ability to nurse or use a bottle effectively.

Gallstones

Gallstones can lead to acute pancreatitis due to blockage of the pancreatic duct.

Jaundice

Causes of jaundice include liver disease and gallstones obstructing bile ducts.

Urinary Tract Infections

An ascending urinary tract infection can lead to pyelonephritis.

Electrolyte Imbalances

Potassium levels are closely monitored in clients with chronic kidney disease.

Kidney Injury

Postrenal kidney injury can result from ureter obstruction and enlarged prostate.

Kidney Filtration

Filtrate flows through the kidneys from Bowman’s capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule, reaching the loop of Henle.

Chronic Disease Risk Factors

Hypertension and diabetes are significant risk factors for kidney disease.

Glomerulonephritis

Classic symptoms include proteinuria and hypertension.

Acute Renal Failure

The oliguric phase is characterized by decreased urine output.

End-Stage Renal Disease Management

Management includes erythropoietin administration but not potassium or high-protein diets.

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

Symptoms include weak stream, nocturia, and difficulty initiating urination.

Flank Pain Assessment

Dull flank pain and a palpable mass in the costovertebral angle may indicate renal cell carcinoma.

Types of Incontinence

Stress incontinence is caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure during activities like coughing.
Reflex incontinence results from neurological damage.

Cystitis Symptoms

Common manifestations include dysuria and pelvic discomfort.

Hypospadias

Urinary meatus is located on the ventral undersurface of the penis.

Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Urine may appear dark due to hematuria or the presence of proteins.

Endometriosis

Defined by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.

Menstruation Cessation

Menstruation stops due to decreased estrogen secretion.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Characterized by hirsutism, amenorrhea, and infertility.

Balanitis

Refers to inflammation of the glans penis.

Addison Disease

Results in insufficient circulating cortisol, affecting adrenal hormones.

Hypercalcemia

Most commonly occurs in hyperparathyroidism.

Myxedema

Caused by a lack of thyroid hormone leading to non-pitting edema.

Cushing Syndrome

Features excessive cortisol production, fluid retention, and characteristic moon face appearance.

SIADH

Causes hyponatremia through increased sodium secretion and fluid retention.

Ketoacidosis

Arterial blood gas values consistent with ketoacidosis include low pH (7.28) and low HCO3- (18 mEq/L).

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Description

Test your knowledge with this practice exam covering key concepts in Essentials of Pathophysiology from Rasmussen University. This quiz focuses on critical topics that are essential for understanding disease processes and associated symptoms. Prepare effectively for your upcoming exam by reviewing these important questions.