40 Questions
Which type of factors act on cells and induce multiplication and simple cell division producing a clone typical to the original cell?
Proliferation factors
What type of cells are responsible for giving rise to chondrocytes, adipocytes, and osteoblasts?
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Where does erythro poiesis, the formation of red blood cells, primarily take place?
Bone marrow
Which group of cells has the ability to give rise to different cell types like hepatocytes or neurons?
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
What is the environment in the bone marrow characterized by due to the availability of proliferation and differentiation factors?
Conserved environment
Which type of stem cells are responsible for giving rise to blood cells?
Pluripotent Stem Cells (PSC)
What happens if the bone marrow fails to function during adulthood?
Liver and spleen start making RBCs
What is the role of differentiation factors and cell signaling pathways in pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC)?
Induce production of different types of blood cells
How many amino acids are present in the beta chain of hemoglobin?
146 AAs
What attributes do common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells gain during hematopoiesis?
Responsibility for producing red blood cells and platelets
What molecule allows iron to bind oxygen in the heme group of hemoglobin?
Protoporphyrin ring
What is the role of mitochondria in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)?
Energy production through the Electron transport chain
What is the consequence of iron in the heme group oxidizing to Fe3+?
Formation of methemoglobin
Which type of progenitor cell gives rise to granulocytes like neutrophils and eosinophils?
Granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP)
How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule transport?
Four oxygen molecules
What is the sequential pathway from hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) to mature red blood cell (Erythrocyte)?
$HSC \rightarrow MEP \rightarrow Mature RBC$
What is the function of the globin in the hemoglobin molecule?
Provides protein structure
Which organelle is involved in protein synthesis in hematopoietic stem cells?
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes
Which organelle is found in a reticulocyte?
Mitochondria
What process do reticulocytes go through over the course of 2 days?
Proteasomal degradation
What gives mature erythrocytes their red color?
Hemoglobin
Why do mature erythrocytes have a biconcave shape?
They have a high surface area to volume ratio
Which of the following is NOT a substrate required for erythropoiesis?
Hemoglobin
How do reticulocytes leave the bone marrow and enter circulation?
Via diapedesis similar to neutrophils
Which transcription factor is involved in initiating erythroid differentiation from pluripotential stem cells?
GATA 1
How do erythropoietin receptor stimulation affects the expression of erythroid-specific genes?
Enhancing expression of globin, heme biosynthetic genes, and red cell membrane proteins
Which factor stimulates both erythropoietin production and new vessel formation?
HIF-1β
Which type of receptor is the EpoR that stimulates erythropoiesis?
Type I cytokine receptor
What is the main pathway activated by EpoR to stimulate erythropoiesis?
Jak/STAT signaling cascade
Which tyrosine kinase is associated with the membrane-proximal regions of EpoR intracellular domains?
JAK 2
What happens to the nucleus in an erythroblast during the process of enucleation?
It is phagocytosed by a macrophage.
What organelles are found in a reticulocyte before it matures into an erythrocyte?
Few mitochondria and many ribosomes.
During erythropoiesis, what structures does a reticulocyte lose while circulating in the blood?
Endoplasmic reticulum remnants and ribosomes.
What is the main component of mature erythrocytes that allows them to carry oxygen?
Hemoglobin
Why do mature erythrocytes have a biconcave shape?
To increase surface area for gas exchange.
What substrates are required for hemoglobin synthesis during erythropoiesis?
Iron and vitamin C
What process leads to the maturation of a reticulocyte into a mature erythrocyte?
Proteasomal degradation
What is the primary function of the reticulocyte before it matures into an erythrocyte?
Protein synthesis
Which cellular process occurs during the transition from a reticulocyte to a mature erythrocyte?
Endocytosis of cytoplasmic organelles
What structural feature differentiates a mature erythrocyte from other blood cells?
High surface area to volume ratio
Test your knowledge on the formation of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) which occurs primarily in the bone marrow. Explore the factors, including cytokines and hormones, involved in the proliferation and differentiation of red blood cells.
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