Bacteriology exam prep :Erysipelothrix, Cornyebacterium, Listeria
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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic does not describe Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

  • Facultative anaerobe
  • Non-motile
  • Gram +’ve
  • Spore-forming (correct)

    • What kind of bacterial environment does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae prefer?

  • High temperatures
  • Moderate temperatures (correct)
  • Dry soil conditions
  • Acidic pH in organic matter

    • Which age group of pigs is most susceptible to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection?

  • Newborn pigs
  • Pigs between 3 months to 3 years (correct)
  • Pigs older than 3 years
  • Pigs under 3 months

    • Which of the following factors is not a predisposing factor for Eryiseplothrix rhusiopathiae outbreaks?

    <p>Antibiotic treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae most commonly transmitted among pigs?

    <p>Fecal-oral ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae least affected by?

    <p>Low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For how long can Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae survive without replicating in soil and marine environments?

    <p>Long periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not typically associated with acute swine erysipelas?

    <p>Auditory hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of swine erysipelas can result in rapid mortality before characteristic symptoms develop?

    <p>Septicemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reproductive consequence of septicemic infection in pregnant sows?

    <p>Abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by erythematous plaques in a diamond or rhomboid shape?

    <p>Acute condition with systemic signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common presentation in pigs with chronic arthritis?

    <p>Stiffness, lameness, or reluctance to weight-bear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is less commonly associated with joint involvement?

    <p>Vegetative endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of large vegetative growths on mitral valves?

    <p>Fibrin decomposition and proliferation of connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chronic arthritis, joint lesions can ultimately progress to:

    <p>Fibrosis and ankylosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What systemic signs are associated with acute conditions in pigs?

    <p>Fever, depression, and anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might necrosis and sloughing off of skin indicate if severe?

    <p>Acute condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers proliferative changes in joint tissues in chronic arthritis?

    <p>Formation of immune complexes and presence of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal condition may result from bacterial emboli?

    <p>Vegetative endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely result of mitral valve vegetative growths in pigs?

    <p>Valvular insufficiency and congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat of Listeria species?

    <p>Decaying vegetation and soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal pH range for silage to prevent Listeria transmission?

    <p>pH 3.8-4.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of Listeria transmission in ruminants?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated silage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of M cells in Listeria pathogenesis?

    <p>They facilitate bacterial transport across epithelial cell layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common presentation of Listeria infection in animals?

    <p>Septicemia, meningoencephalitis, and abortions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Listeria evades host immune mechanisms and continues to infect other cells?

    <p>Propel themselves to the plasma membrane and protrude into neighbouring cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature at which Listeria species are motile?

    <p>25°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of asymptomatic carriers in Listeria transmission?

    <p>They are the source of environmental contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is typically affected by meningoencephalitis?

    <p>Sheep, cattle, goats, and sometimes pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of entry for Listeria into the central nervous system?

    <p>Damaged oral, nasal, or ocular mucosal surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Listeria species?

    <p>Gram-positive, motile rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of Listeria species in ruminants?

    <p>Gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical presentation of Listeria infection in sheep?

    <p>Salivation, tongue protrusion, and circling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Listeria ivanovii?

    <p>It occasionally causes abortion in cattle and sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Listeria infection in pregnant women?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of Listeria infection in the fetal-placental unit?

    <p>Abortions in the third trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common presentation of mastitis caused by Listeria?

    <p>Subclinical to severe suppurative mastitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of Listeria infection in humans?

    <p>Meningitis and meningoencephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of Listeria infection in newborns?

    <p>Hydrocephalus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Listeria primarily infect the brain in sheep?

    <p>Via the trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mycolic acid layer in Corynebacterium?

    <p>High antimicrobial and chemical resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Corynebacterium?

    <p>Pleomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does C.pseudotuberculosis primarily infect the host?

    <p>Through superficial wound contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of uncontrolled proliferation of C.pseudotuberculosis in the host?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disease caused by C.pseudotuberculosis in sheep and goats?

    <p>Caseous lymphadenitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mycolic acid layer in Corynebacterium in terms of host-bacterial interactions?

    <p>It is crucial for host-bacterial cell interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the abscess formed in response to C.pseudotuberculosis infection?

    <p>It has a irregular, 'onion-like' appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species is also affected by C.pseudotuberculosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of C.pseudotuberculosis infection in the host?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the mycolic acid layer in Corynebacterium in terms of biotech applications?

    <p>It has potential biotech applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of infection for Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the visceral form of Caseous lymphadenitis?

    <p>Subclinical presentation with progressive weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is associated with Ulcerative lymphangitis in horses?

    <p>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of urinary tract infection by Corynebacterium species?

    <p>Production of urease and hydrolysis of urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat of Corynebacterium species in the urogenital tract?

    <p>Vulval region in females and prepuce in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Corynebacterium kutscheri?

    <p>Commensal in rodent oral cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of Corynebacterium pyelonephritis?

    <p>Progression to uremia and debilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Corynebacterium ulcerans?

    <p>Zoonotic pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of infection for Corynebacterium species in the urinary tract?

    <p>Lower urogenital region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of asymptomatic carriers in Corynebacterium transmission?

    <p>They can act as a source of infection for other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genus Erysipelothrix

    • 6 species, 28 serotypes
    • Only species with veterinary significance is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

    Characteristics

    • Gram +’ve
    • Non-motile
    • Facultative anaerobe
    • Mesophilic (optimal in moderate temperatures)
    • Non-spore forming
    • Catalase -’ve
    • Oxidase -’ve

    Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae

    • Most commonly associated with pigs (tonsils & intestinal tract lymphoid tissues)
    • Healthy carriers: bacteria carried in tonsils and GIT lymph tissue
    • Ubiquitous in nature & persists at low temperatures, alkaline pH within organic matter
    • Can survive for long periods without replicating in soil and marine environments
    • Isolated from many species: mammals, birds, reptiles, fish

    Causes Erysipelas in

    • Swine
    • Poultry
    • Sheep & lambs (sporadic infections)

    Transmission

    • Pigs shed bacteria in feces and bodily secretions, contaminating environment
    • Transmission via ingestion of contaminated material: food, water, soil, feces
    • Transmission via wound infection: epidermal breaches, arthropod bites
    • Pigs between 3 months to 3 years of age are most susceptible

    Predisposing Factors

    • Environmental stress
    • Abrupt dietary changes
    • Fatigue
    • Subclinical aflatoxicosis
    • Intoxication of toxins caused by a variety of mold species

    Swine Erysipelas

    • After oral or percutaneous infection, bacteria proliferate in the portal of entry
    • Approximately 3-5 days of incubation, bacteria disseminate throughout the host
    • Four forms: septicemic, acute, chronic arthritis, vegetative endocarditis

    Septicemic Form

    • Some animals die before symptoms develop
    • High mortality rate, pregnant sows may abort
    • Acute cases: fever, anorexia, stiff gait, depression, vomiting, reluctance to walk
    • Cutaneous lesions: diamond skin, abdomen, thighs, ears, tail, necrosis, sloughing off skin

    Acute Form

    • Fever, depression, anorexia
    • Cutaneous lesions: pink/purple raised areas of skin, diamond/rhomboid shaped, erythematous plaques
    • Plaque size and number vary
    • Generalized coagulopathy: thrombosis, invasion of vascular endothelium, deposition of fibrin perivascular tissues

    Chronic Arthritis

    • May occur as a result of acute disease or persistent infection by low virulence strains
    • Presents with stiffness, lameness or reluctance to weight-bear on affected limbs
    • Localized joint infections: fibrinous exudation, pannus, proliferative changes due to immune response
    • Joint lesions: erosion of articular cartilage, fibrosis, ankylosis

    Vegetative Endocarditis

    • Less common than joint involvement
    • Initiated by bacterial emboli and vascular inflammation
    • Lesions lead to valvular insufficiency, congestive heart failure, or release of emboli
    • Mitral valves most commonly affected
    • Chronic condition, many animals asymptomatic
    • Symptoms: manifestations of cardiac insufficiency, sudden death

    Genus Listeria

    • 10 species, 2 of which are pathogenic: Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii
    • Widely distributed in the environment, frequently found in cold and temperate climates
    • Primary habitat is soil and decaying vegetation; isolated from over 50 species, including ruminants, swine, horses, dogs, cats, and various avian species

    Characteristics

    • Gram-positive, small, coccobacilli rods (up to 2µm)
    • Facultative anaerobes, facultative intracellular, non-spore forming, and motile at 25ºC

    Transmission

    • Ruminants are the most frequently affected species, with poor quality silage (pH > 5.5) commonly associated with transmission
    • Multiple modes of transmission: ingestion, inhalation, and mucous membrane wound contamination
    • Asymptomatic carriers are indirect sources of infection, leading to persistent environmental contamination

    Listeria Pathogenesis

    • Ingestion of bacteria, attachment to M cells in Peyer's patches, and transport to lamina propria
    • Phagocytic cells uptake, dissemination via bloodstream, and escape from phagosome to become motile
    • Avoidance of host immune mechanisms and continued infection of other cells

    Forms of Listeria

    • Septicemia (Visceral): most common in monogastric species, affecting organs other than the brain
    • Meningoencephalitis (Neural): primarily affects sheep, cattle, and goats, with localized, asymmetric infection of the brainstem
    • Abortions: L. monocytogenes invades fetoplacental tissues, causing abortions in various species
    • Mastitis: subclinical to severe suppurative mastitis, with Listeria as an environmental agent

    Listeria in Humans

    • Zoonotic, food-borne pathogen causing severe infections in immunocompromised, pregnant, and neonatal populations
    • Manifests from mild gastroenteritis to severe cases of sepsis, meningitis, encephalitis, or abortion
    • Common forms include meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and hydrocephalus in newborns

    Genus Corynebacterium

    • Part of the CMNR group, which includes Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and Actinomycetes class, and family Corynebacteriaceae
    • Found on skin, udders, mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and intestinal tract of animals and humans
    • Both pathogenic and non-pathogenic species with biotech applications

    Characteristics

    • Gram +ve
    • Non-motile
    • Pleomorphic, irregular or club-shaped
    • Non-sporulating
    • Mycolic acid layer (corynomycolic acids) covering the cell wall, functionally equivalent to outer membrane of Gram -ve bacteria

    Species of Veterinary Relevance

    • Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
    • Corynebacterium renale group
      • C. renale
      • C. cystitidis
      • C. pilosum

    Transmission and Pathogenesis of C. pseudotuberculosis

    • Transmission: superficial wound contamination, bacteria enter and spread through the host body via the lymphatic system to lymph nodes and other organs
    • Pathogenesis: bacteria invades neutrophils and macrophages, multiplies intracellularly, and causes host cells to degenerate and necrose, leading to a host response of forming granulomas and abscesses

    Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA)

    • Causes significant economic loss in sheep and goat industries due to decreases in wool, milk, meat, and quality of leather due to scarring
    • Two forms:
      • Granulomatous: necrosis of superficial lymph nodes and subcutaneous lesions
      • Visceral: lesions in internal organs and lymph nodes, such as lungs, kidneys, spleen, liver, and intestines

    Ulcerative Lymphangitis

    • Affects cattle and horses
    • Cattle: develops skin infections with lymph node involvement, most common on lateral body walls with trauma allowing for bacterial invasion
    • Horses: rare, but can present in three forms:
      • Ulcerative lymphangitis: manifests as nas cellulitis ascending the lymphatics, forming abscesses that rupture and result in ulcers
      • Internal abscessation: difficult to recognize, with symptoms of weight loss, fever, depression, and colic
      • External form (Pigeon Breast/Pigeon Fever/Breast Bone Fever): most common form, usually a single, large abscess with a thick capsule on the underside of the abdomen or pectoral region

    Other Pathogenic Corynebacterium species

    • C. auriscanis: causes otitis externa in dogs and cats
    • C. bovis: causes mastitis in cattle
    • C. kutscheri: commensal in rodent oral cavities, causes pseudotuberculosis in immunosuppressed mice
    • C. diphtheriae, C. striatum, and C. ulcerans: zoonotic, may colonize animals without causing serious disease, and infected animals can act as a source of infection for humans

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    Description

    This quiz covers the characteristics of Erysipelothrix, Cornyebacterium, Listeria

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