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Questions and Answers
Which characteristic does not describe Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
What kind of bacterial environment does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae prefer?
Which age group of pigs is most susceptible to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection?
Which of the following factors is not a predisposing factor for Eryiseplothrix rhusiopathiae outbreaks?
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How is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae most commonly transmitted among pigs?
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Which environmental condition is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae least affected by?
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For how long can Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae survive without replicating in soil and marine environments?
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Which symptom is not typically associated with acute swine erysipelas?
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Which form of swine erysipelas can result in rapid mortality before characteristic symptoms develop?
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What is the main reproductive consequence of septicemic infection in pregnant sows?
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Which condition is characterized by erythematous plaques in a diamond or rhomboid shape?
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What is a common presentation in pigs with chronic arthritis?
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What condition is less commonly associated with joint involvement?
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What leads to the formation of large vegetative growths on mitral valves?
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In chronic arthritis, joint lesions can ultimately progress to:
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What systemic signs are associated with acute conditions in pigs?
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What might necrosis and sloughing off of skin indicate if severe?
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What triggers proliferative changes in joint tissues in chronic arthritis?
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Which animal condition may result from bacterial emboli?
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What is the likely result of mitral valve vegetative growths in pigs?
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What is the primary habitat of Listeria species?
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What is the optimal pH range for silage to prevent Listeria transmission?
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What is the primary mode of Listeria transmission in ruminants?
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What is the role of M cells in Listeria pathogenesis?
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What is the common presentation of Listeria infection in animals?
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What is the primary mechanism by which Listeria evades host immune mechanisms and continues to infect other cells?
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What is the temperature at which Listeria species are motile?
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What is the significance of asymptomatic carriers in Listeria transmission?
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Which species is typically affected by meningoencephalitis?
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What is the primary route of entry for Listeria into the central nervous system?
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What is the characteristic of Listeria species?
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What is the habitat of Listeria species in ruminants?
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What is the typical clinical presentation of Listeria infection in sheep?
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What is the significance of Listeria ivanovii?
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What is the consequence of Listeria infection in pregnant women?
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What is the primary result of Listeria infection in the fetal-placental unit?
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What is the common presentation of mastitis caused by Listeria?
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What is the most common form of Listeria infection in humans?
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What is the primary consequence of Listeria infection in newborns?
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How does Listeria primarily infect the brain in sheep?
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What is the primary function of the mycolic acid layer in Corynebacterium?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Corynebacterium?
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How does C.pseudotuberculosis primarily infect the host?
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What is the result of uncontrolled proliferation of C.pseudotuberculosis in the host?
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What is the primary disease caused by C.pseudotuberculosis in sheep and goats?
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What is the function of the mycolic acid layer in Corynebacterium in terms of host-bacterial interactions?
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What is the characteristic of the abscess formed in response to C.pseudotuberculosis infection?
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Which of the following species is also affected by C.pseudotuberculosis?
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What is the primary consequence of C.pseudotuberculosis infection in the host?
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What is the significance of the mycolic acid layer in Corynebacterium in terms of biotech applications?
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What is the primary route of infection for Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats?
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What is the characteristic of the visceral form of Caseous lymphadenitis?
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Which bacterial species is associated with Ulcerative lymphangitis in horses?
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What is the primary mechanism of urinary tract infection by Corynebacterium species?
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What is the primary habitat of Corynebacterium species in the urogenital tract?
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What is the characteristic of Corynebacterium kutscheri?
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What is the primary consequence of Corynebacterium pyelonephritis?
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What is the characteristic of Corynebacterium ulcerans?
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What is the primary site of infection for Corynebacterium species in the urinary tract?
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What is the significance of asymptomatic carriers in Corynebacterium transmission?
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Study Notes
Genus Erysipelothrix
- 6 species, 28 serotypes
- Only species with veterinary significance is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Characteristics
- Gram +’ve
- Non-motile
- Facultative anaerobe
- Mesophilic (optimal in moderate temperatures)
- Non-spore forming
- Catalase -’ve
- Oxidase -’ve
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae
- Most commonly associated with pigs (tonsils & intestinal tract lymphoid tissues)
- Healthy carriers: bacteria carried in tonsils and GIT lymph tissue
- Ubiquitous in nature & persists at low temperatures, alkaline pH within organic matter
- Can survive for long periods without replicating in soil and marine environments
- Isolated from many species: mammals, birds, reptiles, fish
Causes Erysipelas in
- Swine
- Poultry
- Sheep & lambs (sporadic infections)
Transmission
- Pigs shed bacteria in feces and bodily secretions, contaminating environment
- Transmission via ingestion of contaminated material: food, water, soil, feces
- Transmission via wound infection: epidermal breaches, arthropod bites
- Pigs between 3 months to 3 years of age are most susceptible
Predisposing Factors
- Environmental stress
- Abrupt dietary changes
- Fatigue
- Subclinical aflatoxicosis
- Intoxication of toxins caused by a variety of mold species
Swine Erysipelas
- After oral or percutaneous infection, bacteria proliferate in the portal of entry
- Approximately 3-5 days of incubation, bacteria disseminate throughout the host
- Four forms: septicemic, acute, chronic arthritis, vegetative endocarditis
Septicemic Form
- Some animals die before symptoms develop
- High mortality rate, pregnant sows may abort
- Acute cases: fever, anorexia, stiff gait, depression, vomiting, reluctance to walk
- Cutaneous lesions: diamond skin, abdomen, thighs, ears, tail, necrosis, sloughing off skin
Acute Form
- Fever, depression, anorexia
- Cutaneous lesions: pink/purple raised areas of skin, diamond/rhomboid shaped, erythematous plaques
- Plaque size and number vary
- Generalized coagulopathy: thrombosis, invasion of vascular endothelium, deposition of fibrin perivascular tissues
Chronic Arthritis
- May occur as a result of acute disease or persistent infection by low virulence strains
- Presents with stiffness, lameness or reluctance to weight-bear on affected limbs
- Localized joint infections: fibrinous exudation, pannus, proliferative changes due to immune response
- Joint lesions: erosion of articular cartilage, fibrosis, ankylosis
Vegetative Endocarditis
- Less common than joint involvement
- Initiated by bacterial emboli and vascular inflammation
- Lesions lead to valvular insufficiency, congestive heart failure, or release of emboli
- Mitral valves most commonly affected
- Chronic condition, many animals asymptomatic
- Symptoms: manifestations of cardiac insufficiency, sudden death
Genus Listeria
- 10 species, 2 of which are pathogenic: Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii
- Widely distributed in the environment, frequently found in cold and temperate climates
- Primary habitat is soil and decaying vegetation; isolated from over 50 species, including ruminants, swine, horses, dogs, cats, and various avian species
Characteristics
- Gram-positive, small, coccobacilli rods (up to 2µm)
- Facultative anaerobes, facultative intracellular, non-spore forming, and motile at 25ºC
Transmission
- Ruminants are the most frequently affected species, with poor quality silage (pH > 5.5) commonly associated with transmission
- Multiple modes of transmission: ingestion, inhalation, and mucous membrane wound contamination
- Asymptomatic carriers are indirect sources of infection, leading to persistent environmental contamination
Listeria Pathogenesis
- Ingestion of bacteria, attachment to M cells in Peyer's patches, and transport to lamina propria
- Phagocytic cells uptake, dissemination via bloodstream, and escape from phagosome to become motile
- Avoidance of host immune mechanisms and continued infection of other cells
Forms of Listeria
- Septicemia (Visceral): most common in monogastric species, affecting organs other than the brain
- Meningoencephalitis (Neural): primarily affects sheep, cattle, and goats, with localized, asymmetric infection of the brainstem
- Abortions: L. monocytogenes invades fetoplacental tissues, causing abortions in various species
- Mastitis: subclinical to severe suppurative mastitis, with Listeria as an environmental agent
Listeria in Humans
- Zoonotic, food-borne pathogen causing severe infections in immunocompromised, pregnant, and neonatal populations
- Manifests from mild gastroenteritis to severe cases of sepsis, meningitis, encephalitis, or abortion
- Common forms include meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and hydrocephalus in newborns
Genus Corynebacterium
- Part of the CMNR group, which includes Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and Actinomycetes class, and family Corynebacteriaceae
- Found on skin, udders, mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and intestinal tract of animals and humans
- Both pathogenic and non-pathogenic species with biotech applications
Characteristics
- Gram +ve
- Non-motile
- Pleomorphic, irregular or club-shaped
- Non-sporulating
- Mycolic acid layer (corynomycolic acids) covering the cell wall, functionally equivalent to outer membrane of Gram -ve bacteria
Species of Veterinary Relevance
- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
- Corynebacterium renale group
- C. renale
- C. cystitidis
- C. pilosum
Transmission and Pathogenesis of C. pseudotuberculosis
- Transmission: superficial wound contamination, bacteria enter and spread through the host body via the lymphatic system to lymph nodes and other organs
- Pathogenesis: bacteria invades neutrophils and macrophages, multiplies intracellularly, and causes host cells to degenerate and necrose, leading to a host response of forming granulomas and abscesses
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA)
- Causes significant economic loss in sheep and goat industries due to decreases in wool, milk, meat, and quality of leather due to scarring
- Two forms:
- Granulomatous: necrosis of superficial lymph nodes and subcutaneous lesions
- Visceral: lesions in internal organs and lymph nodes, such as lungs, kidneys, spleen, liver, and intestines
Ulcerative Lymphangitis
- Affects cattle and horses
- Cattle: develops skin infections with lymph node involvement, most common on lateral body walls with trauma allowing for bacterial invasion
- Horses: rare, but can present in three forms:
- Ulcerative lymphangitis: manifests as nas cellulitis ascending the lymphatics, forming abscesses that rupture and result in ulcers
- Internal abscessation: difficult to recognize, with symptoms of weight loss, fever, depression, and colic
- External form (Pigeon Breast/Pigeon Fever/Breast Bone Fever): most common form, usually a single, large abscess with a thick capsule on the underside of the abdomen or pectoral region
Other Pathogenic Corynebacterium species
- C. auriscanis: causes otitis externa in dogs and cats
- C. bovis: causes mastitis in cattle
- C. kutscheri: commensal in rodent oral cavities, causes pseudotuberculosis in immunosuppressed mice
- C. diphtheriae, C. striatum, and C. ulcerans: zoonotic, may colonize animals without causing serious disease, and infected animals can act as a source of infection for humans
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Description
This quiz covers the characteristics of Erysipelothrix, Cornyebacterium, Listeria