Microbiology: Bacteriology for FMGE Exam

Normal Flora:
- Resident flora: present on skin and mucous membranes
- Transient flora: temporary presence on skin and mucous membranes
Bacterial Morphology:
- Cocci (e.g., Staphylococcus, Streptococcus)
- Bacilli (e.g., E. coli, Salmonella)
- Spiral (e.g., Treponema, Borrelia)
Bacterial Growth:
- Binary fission: asexual reproduction
- Generation time: time taken for a population to double
Bacterial Metabolism:
- Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- Fermentation: incomplete breakdown of glucose

Viral Structure:
- Capsid: protein coat surrounding viral genome
- Envelope: lipid membrane surrounding capsid (not present in all viruses)
Viral Replication:
- Attachment: virus binds to host cell
- Penetration: virus enters host cell
- Uncoating: viral genome is released
- Transcription and translation: viral genome is expressed
- Assembly and release: new viral particles are formed and released
Types of Viruses:
- DNA viruses (e.g., Herpesviruses, Poxviruses)
- RNA viruses (e.g., Influenza, HIV)

Fungal Structure:
- Hyphae: branching filaments that make up fungal mycelium
- Yeast: single-celled fungi (e.g., Candida)
Fungal Reproduction:
- Asexual reproduction: production of spores
- Sexual reproduction: formation of zygospores
Importance of Fungi:
- Decomposition: fungi break down organic matter
- Food source: fungi are used as food (e.g., mushrooms)
- Pathogens: fungi can cause disease (e.g., Candidiasis, Aspergillosis)

Types of Parasites:
- Protozoa (e.g., Plasmodium, Giardia)
- Helminths (e.g., Tapeworms, Roundworms)
Parasitic Diseases:
- Malaria: caused by Plasmodium
- Amoebiasis: caused by Entamoeba histolytica
Diagnosis and Treatment:
- Microscopy: used to diagnose parasitic infections
- Antiparasitic drugs: used to treat parasitic diseases

Normal flora consists of resident flora, which is present on skin and mucous membranes, and transient flora, which has a temporary presence on skin and mucous membranes.
Bacterial morphology includes:
- Cocci (e.g., Staphylococcus, Streptococcus)
- Bacilli (e.g., E. coli, Salmonella)
- Spiral (e.g., Treponema, Borrelia)
Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission, a type of asexual reproduction, and has a generation time, which is the time taken for a population to double.
Bacterial metabolism involves:
- Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- Fermentation, which is the incomplete breakdown of glucose

Viral structure consists of:
- Capsid, a protein coat surrounding the viral genome
- Envelope, a lipid membrane surrounding the capsid (not present in all viruses)
Viral replication involves:
- Attachment, where the virus binds to the host cell
- Penetration, where the virus enters the host cell
- Uncoating, where the viral genome is released
- Transcription and translation, where the viral genome is expressed
- Assembly and release, where new viral particles are formed and released
There are two main types of viruses:
- DNA viruses (e.g., Herpesviruses, Poxviruses)
- RNA viruses (e.g., Influenza, HIV)

Fungal structure consists of:
- Hyphae, which are branching filaments that make up fungal mycelium
- Yeast, which are single-celled fungi (e.g., Candida)
Fungal reproduction involves:
- Asexual reproduction, which is the production of spores
- Sexual reproduction, which is the formation of zygospores
Fungi are important for:
- Decomposition, where they break down organic matter
- Food source, where they are used as food (e.g., mushrooms)
- Pathogens, where they can cause disease (e.g., Candidiasis, Aspergillosis)

There are two main types of parasites:
- Protozoa (e.g., Plasmodium, Giardia)
- Helminths (e.g., Tapeworms, Roundworms)
Examples of parasitic diseases include:
- Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium
- Amoebiasis, which is caused by Entamoeba histolytica
Diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases involve:
- Microscopy, which is used to diagnose parasitic infections
- Antiparasitic drugs, which are used to treat parasitic diseases