24 Questions
Erikson disagreed with Freud's distant and objective method of analysis, instead emphasizing ___.
Empathy and interpersonal connection
What did Erikson interpret dreams as, based on the text?
Attempts to preserve and enhance identity
Which psychoanalytic pioneer developed a range of play-therapy techniques still utilized today?
Erik Erikson
What did Erikson primarily work with, as mentioned in the text?
Children and play therapy
Which psychoanalyst pioneered psychohistorical analysis, as described in the text?
Erik Erikson
Based on the text, what did Erikson encourage children to use in therapy to express emotions nonverbally?
Artistic expression
According to Horney, what did she propose as an alternative to Freud's concept of 'penis envy'?
Desire for 'masculine' qualities
What is the core element that all children have according to Horney?
Basic anxiety
How does Horney believe well-adjusted individuals balance the three orientations?
By balancing the three orientations
Which of the following is NOT one of the coping strategies Horney identified for dealing with basic anxiety?
Isolation
What did Horney believe neurotics develop due to a disconnection between their real self and ideal self?
Alienation
Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism of the neurotic according to Horney?
Objectivity
How did Horney view the relationship between analyst and patient compared to Freud?
'Direct and active'
What technique did Horney interpret in relation to interpersonal conflict and neurotic trends?
'Dream analysis'
'Blind spots', as a defense mechanism, involve what?
'Ignoring contradictions'
'Elusiveness' as a defense mechanism involves what behavior?
'Constant equivocation'
What did Anna Freud focus on in her child-focused analysis techniques?
Emotional development milestones
What did Anna Freud identify as one of the six developmental lines in children?
Wetting/soiling to bladder and bowel control
According to Anna Freud, what line of development leads to egomastery of self and environment?
Dependency to independence
Which technique did Anna Freud emphasize in her therapy for children?
Ego defense analysis
What did Anna Freud believe was neglected in early Freudian theory and worked to rectify?
Adolescence
According to Erik Erikson, ego operates independently of id to help individuals adapt to what?
Social challenges
What did Erik Erikson emphasize in his ego psychology theory?
Integration of biological and psychosocial forces into personality
'Identification with aggressor' is a concept clarified by Anna Freud as a form of:
Defense mechanism
Study Notes
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
- Erikson's theory proposes 8 stages of ego development, from birth to death
- Each stage involves a crisis that must be resolved to develop a strong ego identity
- The stages are: Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1), Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3), Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6), Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12), Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-19), Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-24), Generativity vs. Stagnation (25-64), and Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65-death)
Erikson's Assessment Techniques
- Erikson disagreed with Freud's distant, objective method of analysis
- Adopted "disciplined subjectivity", emphasizing empathy and interpersonal connection
- Used transference, free association, and dream analysis in a different manner
- Interpreted dreams as attempts to preserve and enhance identity
- Developed play-therapy techniques for working with children
- Also used psychohistorical analysis to understand historical figures' motives and actions
Karen Horney's Theory of Psychoanalytic Social Psychology
- Criticized Freud's "anatomy is destiny" approach, emphasizing social expectations and structures influencing development of character
- Proposed the concept of "womb envy" as a complementary concept to "penis envy"
- Believed that what women desire is to possess "masculine" qualities and their benefits
Horney's Theory of the Self and Neurosis
- Proposed that all children have a basic anxiety, a feeling of helplessness in a world that is potentially dangerous and hostile
- Identified three coping strategies (compliance, hostility, and detachment) and ten neurotic trends
- Believed that neurotics develop alienation, a disconnection between the real self and the idealized self
- Proposed the concepts of the Real Self, the Despised Self, and the Ideal Self
Horney's Assessment Techniques
- Used many of the same techniques as Freud, but with her own interpretation
- Interpreted free association and dream analysis on interpersonal conflict and neurotic trends
- Viewed the relationship between analyst and patient differently to Freud, emphasizing openness and honesty
- Believed that objectivity was impossible and pretending to be so was pointless
Anna Freud's Theory of Psychoanalytic Child Psychology
- Worked with children directly, observing them in a variety of life circumstances
- Pioneered child-focused analysis techniques and theories
- Identified six developmental lines: id-ego interactions, dependency to emotional self-reliance, sucking to rational eating, wetting/soiling to bladder and bowel control, irresponsibility to responsibility, and play to work
- Developed a system of diagnosis and analysis tailored to work with child patients
- Highlighted that symptoms of neurosis in adults do not necessarily mean the same in children
Test your knowledge on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development from infancy to old age. Learn about each stage and the associated conflicts and virtues. Includes assessment techniques used by Erikson.
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