Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to psychoanalytic theory, healthy personality development in children is determined by:
According to psychoanalytic theory, healthy personality development in children is determined by:
Fixation in psychoanalytic theory occurs when:
Fixation in psychoanalytic theory occurs when:
Which psychosexual stage is associated with gratification from expelling or withholding feces?
Which psychosexual stage is associated with gratification from expelling or withholding feces?
During which psychosexual stage does sexual curiosity and masturbation occur?
During which psychosexual stage does sexual curiosity and masturbation occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adult trait is associated with fixation at the Anal stage according to psychoanalytic theory?
Which adult trait is associated with fixation at the Anal stage according to psychoanalytic theory?
Signup and view all the answers
In psychoanalytic theory, the Oedipus complex and Electra complex are concepts related to which psychosexual stage?
In psychoanalytic theory, the Oedipus complex and Electra complex are concepts related to which psychosexual stage?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of learning theory is associated with B.F. Skinner?
Which type of learning theory is associated with B.F. Skinner?
Signup and view all the answers
In operant conditioning, what is provided to increase a behavior?
In operant conditioning, what is provided to increase a behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of reinforcement leads to an increase in the likelihood of a behavior by removing a negative stimulus?
Which type of reinforcement leads to an increase in the likelihood of a behavior by removing a negative stimulus?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of schedule of reinforcement rewards a factory worker's salary after a fixed number of responses?
What type of schedule of reinforcement rewards a factory worker's salary after a fixed number of responses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which schedule of reinforcement provides a reward after an unpredictably varying amount of time?
Which schedule of reinforcement provides a reward after an unpredictably varying amount of time?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of negative punishment?
What is an example of negative punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
In Piaget's cognitive development theory, what is the process that involves using existing knowledge to understand new experiences?
In Piaget's cognitive development theory, what is the process that involves using existing knowledge to understand new experiences?
Signup and view all the answers
Which stage of Piaget's stage theory of development is characterized by a lack of object permanence?
Which stage of Piaget's stage theory of development is characterized by a lack of object permanence?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget's theory?
What is a key difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget's theory?
Signup and view all the answers
Which concept is essential for all organisms' survival according to Piaget's cognitive development theory?
Which concept is essential for all organisms' survival according to Piaget's cognitive development theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory in cognitive development?
What is the role of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory in cognitive development?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes Piaget's cognitive development theory from Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
What distinguishes Piaget's cognitive development theory from Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory, the interactions between a child's home, day care, church, and grandparents' home are part of which system?
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory, the interactions between a child's home, day care, church, and grandparents' home are part of which system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which system in Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory involves settings that do not directly involve the individual but still affect them?
Which system in Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory involves settings that do not directly involve the individual but still affect them?
Signup and view all the answers
In the psychosocial theory, the emphasis is on the interplay among which systems?
In the psychosocial theory, the emphasis is on the interplay among which systems?
Signup and view all the answers
Which system in Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory involves the culture or society within which an individual resides?
Which system in Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory involves the culture or society within which an individual resides?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of events and transitions does the chronosystem in Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory encompass?
What type of events and transitions does the chronosystem in Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory encompass?
Signup and view all the answers
According to systems theories like the Ecological Systems theory, why is it insufficient to just identify each component of a system?
According to systems theories like the Ecological Systems theory, why is it insufficient to just identify each component of a system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the central process for resolving psychosocial crises at each stage according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
What is the central process for resolving psychosocial crises at each stage according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Havighurst's concept of developmental tasks, what are developmental tasks?
According to Havighurst's concept of developmental tasks, what are developmental tasks?
Signup and view all the answers
What are sensitive periods in human development?
What are sensitive periods in human development?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Erikson define psychosocial crises?
How does Erikson define psychosocial crises?
Signup and view all the answers
What do psychosocial crises provide opportunities for, according to Erikson's theory?
What do psychosocial crises provide opportunities for, according to Erikson's theory?
Signup and view all the answers
How does resolving psychosocial crises lead to changes in self-concept according to the text?
How does resolving psychosocial crises lead to changes in self-concept according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Children develop through a series of stages, confronting conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.
- Healthy personality development is determined by how parents manage a child's early sexual and aggressive drives.
- Fixation occurs when a child's sexual desires are either overly satisfied or undersatisfied.
- There are 7 psychosexual stages, each with a specific focus:
- Oral (birth to 1): Mouth, weaning, and oral gratification.
- Anal (1 to 3): Anus, toilet training, and gratification from expelling or withholding feces.
- Phallic (3 to 6): Genitals, Oedipus complex, and Electra complex.
- Latency (6 to puberty): Period of sexual calmness, interest in school, and hobbies.
- Genital (Puberty onwards): Re-awakening of sexual drives, building intimate relationships.
Psychosocial Development
- Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development:
- 0-18 months old: Trust vs. Mistrust
- 18 months – 3 years old: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- 3 – 5 years old: Initiative vs. Guilt
- 5 – 13 years old: Industry vs. Inferiority
- 13-21 years old: Identity vs. Role Confusion
- 21-39 years old: Intimacy vs. Isolation
- 40-65 years old: Generativity vs. Stagnation
- 65 years older: Integrity vs. Despair
- Havighurst's concept of developmental tasks: process by which humans learn tasks required by society.
- Age-graded expectations: tasks change with age.
- Sensitive periods: periods of development when an individual is most ready to acquire a new ability.
Learning Theories
- Operant/Instrumental Conditioning (B.F. Skinner):
- Processes: reinforcement, punishment, and schedule of reinforcement.
- Positive Reinforcement: increase behavior, e.g., bonus for working hard.
- Negative Reinforcement: decrease behavior, e.g., aspirin relieving headache.
- Positive Punishment: increase behavior, e.g., getting a speeding ticket.
- Negative Punishment: decrease behavior, e.g., losing the privilege to hang out late.
- Schedules of Reinforcement:
- Fixed Ratio (FR): reward after a fixed number of responses.
- Variable Ratio (VR): reward after an unpredictably varying number of responses.
- Fixed Interval (FI): reward after a fixed amount of time.
- Variable Interval (VI): reward after an unpredictably varying amount of time.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory:
- Assimilation: using existing schemes to interpret new experiences.
- Accommodation: modifying familiar schemes to interpret new experiences.
- Stages of Development:
- Sensorimotor (0-18 months): lack of object permanence.
Systems Theory
- Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory:
- Microsystem: immediate context/setting.
- Mesosystem: interactions between two microsystems.
- Exosystem: settings that do not involve the person directly but affect the person.
- Macrosystem: culture or society.
- Chronosystem: environmental events and transitions over one's life.
Psychosocial Theory
- Emphasis on the interplay among biological, psychological, and societal systems.
- Stages of development:
- Developmental tasks.
- Psychosocial crisis.
- Resolving psychosocial crises: central process to resolve the crises.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the central process for resolving psychosocial crises at each stage according to Erik Erikson's theory. Explore the developmental tasks, age-graded expectations, and sensitive periods associated with each stage from infancy to old age.