30 Questions
According to psychoanalytic theory, healthy personality development in children is determined by:
How children resolve conflicts between drives
Fixation in psychoanalytic theory occurs when:
A child's sexual desires are either overly satisfied or undersatisfied
Which psychosexual stage is associated with gratification from expelling or withholding feces?
Anal stage
During which psychosexual stage does sexual curiosity and masturbation occur?
Phallic stage
Which adult trait is associated with fixation at the Anal stage according to psychoanalytic theory?
Excessive cleanliness
In psychoanalytic theory, the Oedipus complex and Electra complex are concepts related to which psychosexual stage?
Phallic stage
Which type of learning theory is associated with B.F. Skinner?
Operant conditioning
In operant conditioning, what is provided to increase a behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Which type of reinforcement leads to an increase in the likelihood of a behavior by removing a negative stimulus?
Negative reinforcement
What type of schedule of reinforcement rewards a factory worker's salary after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed ratio schedule
Which schedule of reinforcement provides a reward after an unpredictably varying amount of time?
Variable interval schedule
What is an example of negative punishment?
Losing the privilege to hang out with friends
In Piaget's cognitive development theory, what is the process that involves using existing knowledge to understand new experiences?
Assimilation
Which stage of Piaget's stage theory of development is characterized by a lack of object permanence?
Sensorimotor stage
What is a key difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget's theory?
Assimilation incorporates new information, while accommodation preserves existing knowledge.
Which concept is essential for all organisms' survival according to Piaget's cognitive development theory?
Adaptation
What is the role of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory in cognitive development?
Focuses on the impact of culture and social interactions on learning
What distinguishes Piaget's cognitive development theory from Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
Piaget focuses on innate biological factors, while Vygotsky emphasizes social and cultural influences.
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory, the interactions between a child's home, day care, church, and grandparents' home are part of which system?
Mesosystem
Which system in Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory involves settings that do not directly involve the individual but still affect them?
Exosystem
In the psychosocial theory, the emphasis is on the interplay among which systems?
Biological, psychological, and societal systems
Which system in Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory involves the culture or society within which an individual resides?
Macrosystem
What type of events and transitions does the chronosystem in Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory encompass?
Environmental events and transitions over one's life
According to systems theories like the Ecological Systems theory, why is it insufficient to just identify each component of a system?
It hinders the understanding of the entire system
What is the central process for resolving psychosocial crises at each stage according to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Imitating cultural expectations
According to Havighurst's concept of developmental tasks, what are developmental tasks?
Tasks that change with age-graded expectations
What are sensitive periods in human development?
Periods when individuals are most ready to acquire new abilities
How does Erikson define psychosocial crises?
Tensions resulting from discrepancies between competences and societal expectations
What do psychosocial crises provide opportunities for, according to Erikson's theory?
Producing new social capabilities
How does resolving psychosocial crises lead to changes in self-concept according to the text?
By taking in cultural expectations and changing self-concept
Study Notes
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Children develop through a series of stages, confronting conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.
- Healthy personality development is determined by how parents manage a child's early sexual and aggressive drives.
- Fixation occurs when a child's sexual desires are either overly satisfied or undersatisfied.
- There are 7 psychosexual stages, each with a specific focus:
- Oral (birth to 1): Mouth, weaning, and oral gratification.
- Anal (1 to 3): Anus, toilet training, and gratification from expelling or withholding feces.
- Phallic (3 to 6): Genitals, Oedipus complex, and Electra complex.
- Latency (6 to puberty): Period of sexual calmness, interest in school, and hobbies.
- Genital (Puberty onwards): Re-awakening of sexual drives, building intimate relationships.
Psychosocial Development
- Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development:
- 0-18 months old: Trust vs. Mistrust
- 18 months – 3 years old: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- 3 – 5 years old: Initiative vs. Guilt
- 5 – 13 years old: Industry vs. Inferiority
- 13-21 years old: Identity vs. Role Confusion
- 21-39 years old: Intimacy vs. Isolation
- 40-65 years old: Generativity vs. Stagnation
- 65 years older: Integrity vs. Despair
- Havighurst's concept of developmental tasks: process by which humans learn tasks required by society.
- Age-graded expectations: tasks change with age.
- Sensitive periods: periods of development when an individual is most ready to acquire a new ability.
Learning Theories
- Operant/Instrumental Conditioning (B.F. Skinner):
- Processes: reinforcement, punishment, and schedule of reinforcement.
- Positive Reinforcement: increase behavior, e.g., bonus for working hard.
- Negative Reinforcement: decrease behavior, e.g., aspirin relieving headache.
- Positive Punishment: increase behavior, e.g., getting a speeding ticket.
- Negative Punishment: decrease behavior, e.g., losing the privilege to hang out late.
- Schedules of Reinforcement:
- Fixed Ratio (FR): reward after a fixed number of responses.
- Variable Ratio (VR): reward after an unpredictably varying number of responses.
- Fixed Interval (FI): reward after a fixed amount of time.
- Variable Interval (VI): reward after an unpredictably varying amount of time.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory:
- Assimilation: using existing schemes to interpret new experiences.
- Accommodation: modifying familiar schemes to interpret new experiences.
- Stages of Development:
- Sensorimotor (0-18 months): lack of object permanence.
Systems Theory
- Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory:
- Microsystem: immediate context/setting.
- Mesosystem: interactions between two microsystems.
- Exosystem: settings that do not involve the person directly but affect the person.
- Macrosystem: culture or society.
- Chronosystem: environmental events and transitions over one's life.
Psychosocial Theory
- Emphasis on the interplay among biological, psychological, and societal systems.
- Stages of development:
- Developmental tasks.
- Psychosocial crisis.
- Resolving psychosocial crises: central process to resolve the crises.
Test your knowledge on the central process for resolving psychosocial crises at each stage according to Erik Erikson's theory. Explore the developmental tasks, age-graded expectations, and sensitive periods associated with each stage from infancy to old age.
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