Erikson's Stages of Adulthood
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary risk associated with drug use before maturity?

  • Increased height
  • Greater likelihood of addiction later (correct)
  • Improved digestion
  • Enhanced cognitive abilities

Which substance is stated as the most frequently abused drug in North America?

  • Prescription medication
  • Tobacco
  • Marijuana
  • Alcohol (correct)

Why are adolescents particularly susceptible to the effects of psychoactive drugs?

  • They have fully developed brains
  • Their prefrontal cortex is still maturing (correct)
  • They have stronger immune systems
  • They are more reflective than adults

What is one of the consequences mentioned regarding drug use in teenagers?

<p>Increased risk of car crashes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to drug use trends as individuals age from 10 to 25?

<p>Use increases and then decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health effect does tobacco have on adolescents specifically?

<p>Impairs digestion and slows growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral trend is commonly observed in teens who use psychoactive drugs?

<p>Greater emotional volatility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a societal measure used to protect adolescents from drug use?

<p>Setting legal purchase age limits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ingredient is primarily blamed for the deaths associated with some e-cigarettes?

<p>Vitamin E (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason younger adolescents are more likely to try inhalants?

<p>They are easier to obtain than other drugs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do developmentalists fear about e-cigarettes?

<p>They may lead to the use of other drugs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the trend in adolescent drug use in the United States since 1976?

<p>It has generally declined with some exceptions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group was targeted by the advertising strategies of JUUL?

<p>White teenagers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason adolescents engage in risky behaviors such as drug use?

<p>Brain immaturity affecting long-term consequence recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance has become more prevalent among adolescents, despite a decline in overall drug use?

<p>Vaping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common argument made by distributors of e-cigarettes regarding their products?

<p>They are healthier than cigarettes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant action was taken by the U.S. in late 2019 regarding tobacco products?

<p>Banned the sale of tobacco products to those under age 21. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is most effective at reducing adolescent drug use?

<p>Changing the perception of risk associated with drug use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do psychoactive drugs affect adolescents differently than adults?

<p>Adolescents' brains may react more dramatically due to immaturity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do most adolescents obtain e-cigarettes despite legal restrictions?

<p>Other adolescents and online marketplaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is notably less developed in adolescents, contributing to risky behaviors?

<p>Prefrontal cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did pediatricians express concern about regarding e-cigarette use among mothers?

<p>Potential harm to fetal and infant lung development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend regarding drug use is observed as individuals mature from age 10 to 25?

<p>Decrease in usage of psychoactive drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend was observed regarding high school students' tobacco use in recent years?

<p>A decrease in tobacco usage rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health risk is associated with e-cigarette use based on reported data?

<p>They can lead to severe lung disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of vaping compared to traditional smoking?

<p>It delivers drugs through vapor rather than smoke. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes early experimentation with drugs before age 15 particularly concerning?

<p>Increased likelihood of brain damage and addiction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health risks are associated with vaping during pregnancy according to studies on rats?

<p>Decreased birthweight and potential for early death. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic experienced the highest rate of e-cigarette use reported in 2020?

<p>High school students (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant factor in the increased risk of drug abuse among teenagers?

<p>Hormonal changes impacting reward-seeking behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal measure is often taken to protect youth from drug use?

<p>Legal age restrictions for drug purchases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the impact of drug use on adolescent emotional states?

<p>Drug use can cause extreme emotional fluctuations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is achieved when adolescents successfully resolve the identity vs role confusion crisis?

<p>Identity achievement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon where adolescents adopt their parents' beliefs to avoid the stress of developing their own identity?

<p>Foreclosure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best characterizes gender dysphoria according to the DSM-5 classification?

<p>Discomfort with one's assigned gender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these aspects is NOT considered an area of identity as defined by Erikson?

<p>Socioeconomic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of high paternal monitoring on adolescents?

<p>Improved parent-child relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term best describes attempts at suicide that are unsuccessful?

<p>Parasuicide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do adolescents usually experience an increase in self-esteem?

<p>Around age 15 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which primary aspect influences the trend towards depression in adolescents?

<p>Social context (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between peer pressure and adolescents' behavior?

<p>Can facilitate both constructive and destructive behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the phenomenon of externalizing acts of anger in adolescents?

<p>Frustration and emotional expression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Brain Immaturity

The prefrontal cortex, responsible for long-term thinking and decision-making, is not fully developed until around age 25.

Delay Discounting

The tendency to value immediate rewards more highly than future rewards, even if the future reward is larger.

Psychoactive Drugs

Drugs that alter brain function, affecting mood, perception, and behavior.

Limbic System

The part of the brain involved in emotions, motivation, and reward.

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Prefrontal Cortex

The part of the brain responsible for planning, decision-making, and impulse control.

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Early Drug Use Risks

Brain damage is more likely when drugs are used before the age of 15. Early experimentation can lead to addiction.

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Cohort Differences

Variations in drug use patterns across different age groups, due to factors like legalization and changing trends.

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Adolescent Urge to Rebel

Teenagers often exhibit a tendency to challenge authority and experiment with risky behaviors.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

The fifth stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, where adolescents grapple with finding their own identity and purpose in the world. They explore different values, beliefs, and roles, and try to integrate them into a cohesive sense of self.

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Role Confusion

A state of uncertainty and confusion about one's identity, goals, and values. Adolescents lacking a strong sense of self may feel lost, directionless, and unsure about their place in the world.

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Foreclosure

Adolescents prematurely adopt their parents' or other authority figures' values and beliefs, without exploring other options or forming their own identity.

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Moratorium

An active exploration of different roles, beliefs, and values to develop a unique identity. Individuals in this stage are actively experiencing and seeking out new experiences, but haven't yet made final commitments.

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Identity Achievement

A state of having explored different possibilities and having made a commitment to a specific set of values, beliefs, and roles that form a cohesive sense of self.

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Paternal Monitoring

Parents' knowledge and awareness of their child's whereabouts, activities, and companions. Effective parental monitoring can promote better adolescent outcomes.

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Familism

A cultural emphasis on valuing family above individual success. In this context, adolescents may be expected to sacrifice their personal freedoms for family well-being.

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Peer Pressure

Social influence from peers that can lead to adolescents adopting certain behaviors, values or belief system.

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Inhalants

Substances like fumes from aerosols, glue, or cleaning fluids that are inhaled for their psychoactive effects.

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Major Depressive Disorder

A serious mental health condition characterized by feelings of deep sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. It can significantly disrupt daily life.

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Parasuicide

A failed suicide attempt. This is a serious sign indicating severe depression and risk for future attempts, seeking help is crucial.

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Cognitive Immaturity

The lack of fully developed thinking and decision-making abilities, often seen in adolescents.

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Perception of Risk

How people perceive the potential dangers associated with drug use.

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Availability

The ease with which someone can obtain a substance, like drugs.

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E-cigarettes (E-cigs)

Electronic devices that heat a liquid containing nicotine and other substances, producing a vapor that is inhaled.

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Health Risks of E-cigs

Potential risks to human health associated with e-cigarette use, despite being less harmful than traditional cigarettes.

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Opposing Perspectives on E-cigs

Different viewpoints on the benefits and risks of e-cigarettes, with some arguing for their potential benefits to smokers, while others emphasize the potential harm.

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Benzene in E-Cigs

E-cigarettes produce benzene, a known carcinogen, which poses a significant health risk.

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E-Cigs and Nicotine Addiction

Many e-cigarettes contain nicotine, which is highly addictive and can be more addictive than heroin.

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E-Cigs and THC

Some e-cigarettes contain THC, the psychoactive compound found in marijuana, raising concerns about potential drug use and dependence.

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E-Cigs vs. Cigarettes

While vaping may be less harmful than smoking, it's still not a safe alternative to quitting cigarettes altogether.

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E-Cigs and Adolescent Drug Use

Developmentalists fear that e-cigarette use may lead to the use of other drugs in adolescents.

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E-Cigs and the Law

A new U.S. law bans the sale of tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, to people under 21, reflecting concerns about underage vaping.

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JUUL and Teen Vaping

JUUL, a company that created sleek, user-friendly e-cigarettes, targeted teenagers with its marketing, leading to a surge in adolescent vaping.

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Public Health Debate on E-Cigs

There is an ongoing debate about the safety and risks of e-cigarettes, with public health officials issuing cautious advice and pediatricians expressing concerns about potential fetal and infant lung damage.

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Drug use before maturity

Using drugs before the brain is fully developed (around age 25) can cause lasting harm and increase the risk of addiction.

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Reward System and Drug Abuse

The brain's reward system is highly sensitive in adolescence, making teenagers more susceptible to the pleasurable effects of drugs, leading to increased drug abuse.

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Limbic System and Prefrontal Cortex

Drug use can create a clash between these brain areas: the limbic system (emotions) is stimulated, while the prefrontal cortex (decision-making) is impaired, leading to impulsive behavior.

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Teenage Brain

The teenage brain is still developing, especially the prefrontal cortex responsible for judgment and impulse control. This makes teenagers more vulnerable to the negative effects of drug use.

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Age Trends in Drug Use

Drug use generally increases from age 10 to 25 and then decreases as people mature. Early use before age 15 is particularly risky due to heightened brain vulnerability.

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Legal Drugs and Addiction

Even legal drugs like alcohol and cigarettes, when used early in life, can increase the risk of addiction and long-term harm.

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Consequences of Early Drug Use

Early drug use can have serious consequences beyond addiction, including depression, abuse, and increased risk of bullying.

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Study Notes

Erikson's Stages of Adulthood

  • Adolescence is a psychosocial stage of crisis, with identity versus role confusion as the key crisis
  • Adolescents navigate complexities to find their identity, sometimes integrating parent's ideals
  • Identity achievement is the successful resolution of this stage
  • Role confusion: Lack of commitment to goals and values, confusion about new values
  • Foreclosure: Adopting parental values to avoid identity crisis stress
  • Negative Identity: Complete rejection of traditional values

Identity Development in Adolescence

  • Identity develops along religious, political, sexual, and vocational lines
  • Adolescents are more likely to adopt parental religious beliefs or develop their own
  • Political views often align with parental or peer opinions, influenced by current events
  • Ethnic identity is shaped by social context
  • Gender identity is influenced by culture and social factors, leading some to question gender identity
  • Gender dysphoria is distress regarding one's gender, classified by DSM-5

Adolescent Relationships

  • Adolescents are typically close with parents, despite popular belief
  • Paternal monitoring is involved in keeping tabs on the whereabouts and activities
  • Familism prioritizes family needs over individual aspirations
  • High monitoring creates a family environment where individuals know the details of each family member's whereabouts and activities
  • Peer power is involved in decision-making and influence, both constructive and destructive
  • Peer pressure and selection of friends are important during this stage

Adolescent Sadness and Anger

  • Depression trends increase from childhood to early adolescence, towards less confidence
  • Self-esteem generally increases around age 15
  • Peer interactions are a crucial social context at this stage
  • Major Depressive Disorder involves deep sadness and disruptions to normal activities
  • Parasuicide involves an unsuccessful suicide attempt, and complete suicide may be influenced by peer groups
  • Externalizing and internalizing anger is a part of adolescent behavior

Adolescent Lawbreaking

  • Teenage rebellion is common during adolescence
  • Criminal activity (e.g., buying cigarettes, having intercourse) is higher in adolescence
  • Brain immaturity in adolescents causes them to disregard long-term implications of actions
  • Adolescent actions are often related to protecting family members or maintaining peer relationships.

Adolescent Drug and Alcohol Use

  • Adolescents experiment with psychoactive drugs which is an activation of the brain
  • Brain changes during adolescence, such as hormonal surges, brain's reward centers, and cognitive immaturity, make adolescents attracted to the sensations from psychoactive drugs.
  • Psychoactive drugs excite the limbic system and interfere with the prefrontal cortex, producing emotional states.
  • Teenagers are more likely to use drugs and alcohol (legally allowable to adults) at the age of 10 – 25, when addiction may develop due to early experimentation.
  • Various drugs may have detrimental impacts on the brain, heart, lungs, and reproductive systems, harming adolescents more than adults due to cognitive immaturity.
  • Health concerns and early experimentation with drugs (especially when starting before the age of 15) may lead to addiction and negative mental health consequences.
  • E-cigarettes are popular amongst adolescents and may be used as gateway drugs.
  • Legalization of marijuana, e-cigarettes, and vaping have raised concerns about the safety of these drugs.
  • Stricter laws for purchasing products, enforcing the laws, and more responsible adolescent choices on the consumption of different legal products in the past decade have lowered the use-rates of particular products (i.e., cigarettes).

Harm from Drugs

  • Drug use before maturity can predict later addiction
  • Nicotine is highly addictive and harms the developing brain. Drugs can impair growth, digestion, and nutritional intake.
  • Heavy drinking, or alcoholism, is the most frequent drug abuse in North America, causing negative consequences (memory decline, self-control issues) as it impairs the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in the brain.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of Erikson's psychosocial stages, focusing on the challenges of adolescence. Understand the process of identity development, including factors like family influence and social context. This quiz delves into how adolescents navigate identity crises and the implications of their choices.

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