Questions and Answers
What is Erikson's theory that the psychological conflict of toddlerhood is resolved positively if parents provide guidance and appropriate choices called?
What does autonomy versus shame and doubt aim for in toddlers?
Physical independence
When is autonomy versus shame and doubt resolved favorably?
When parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices
A self-confident, secure 2-year-old has parents who do not criticize him when he _____ at new skills.
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What are examples of situations where a 2-year-old might fail?
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What is one way parents can meet a toddler's assertions of independence?
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What does it mean when parents are described as over-or-undercontrolling?
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In sum, _____ and _____ grow out of warm, sensitive parenting starting in the second year.
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What problems may arise if children lack sufficient trust in caregivers?
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Study Notes
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
- Autonomy versus shame and doubt is Erikson's second stage of personality development, primarily occurring during toddlerhood.
- This stage focuses on the child's quest for physical independence.
- Positive resolution occurs when parents offer suitable guidance and reasonable choices to support the child's autonomy.
Key Points on Parental Support
- A confident and secure toddler, typically around age two, has parents who provide a non-critical environment.
- Examples of supportive parental behavior include allowing the child to fail during new skills such as toilet training, eating with a spoon, or tidying up toys.
- Parents should respond to a toddler's independence with tolerance and understanding, such as allowing extra time to finish play before leaving for errands.
Impact of Parenting Styles
- Over-controlling or under-controlling parenting can lead to feelings of shame or doubt within the child.
- Such adverse parenting may cause the child to struggle with impulse control and competence.
Developmental Outcomes
- Basic trust and autonomy develop from warm, sensitive parenting combined with appropriate expectations for impulse control, starting in the second year of life.
- Lack of trust in caregivers and insufficient individuality during early years can lead to long-term adjustment problems.
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Description
Explore Erikson's second stage of personality development, focusing on autonomy versus shame and doubt. This stage, critical in toddlerhood, emphasizes the role of parental support in fostering independence. Learn about the impact of different parenting styles on a child's self-esteem and confidence.
