Equine Bacterial Diseases: Strangles
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of Streptococcus equi, the causative agent of Strangles?

  • It is a Gram-negative, B-hemolytic, Lancefield group C coccus.
  • It is a Gram-positive, capsulated, B-hemolytic, Lancefield group C coccus. (correct)
  • It is a Gram-negative, non-capsulated, B-hemolytic, Lancefield group A coccus.
  • It is a Gram-positive, non-capsulated, B-hemolytic, Lancefield group B coccus.

    • What is the primary source of infection for Strangles?

  • Vectors such as flies and mosquitoes.
  • Contaminated feed and hay.
  • Direct contact with infectious exudates and fomites. (correct)
  • Contaminated water sources.

    • What is the incubation period for Strangles?

  • 3 to 14 days (correct)
  • 7 to 21 days
  • 1 to 7 days
  • 14 to 28 days

    • What is a characteristic of horses with involvement of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes?

    <p>They have difficulty in swallowing and inspiratory respiratory noise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of brain abscess in horses?

    <p>Metastatic Strangles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of diagnosis for Strangles?

    <p>Bacterial culture of exudates from abscesses and nasal swab samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of survival of Streptococcus equi outside of the host under favorable conditions?

    <p>4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical presentation of horses with residual immunity to Strangles?

    <p>Atypical or catarrhal form of the disease with mucoid nasal discharge, cough, and mild fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of infection for Rhodococcus equi in foals?

    <p>Inhalation of contaminated dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of treatment with erythromycin and rifampin in foals?

    <p>Diarrhea and hyperthermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Rhodococcus equi in host cells?

    <p>Facultative intracellular parasites of monocytes and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of administering hyperimmuned plasma in foals?

    <p>To provide passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of Lyme disease in animals?

    <p>Stiffness and lameness in multiple limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of tick attachment required for transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common intestinal manifestation of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals?

    <p>Granulomatous or suppurative inflammation of Peyer's patches and mesenteric or colonic lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alternative to erythromycin and rifampin for the treatment of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals?

    <p>Azithromycin and clarithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the breed of horse that is genetically predisposed to recurrent uveitis?

    <p>Appaloosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the serovar of Leptospira that is responsible for most abortions in horses?

    <p>L. Pomona</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of shedding of Leptospira organisms in urine by aborting mares?

    <p>2-3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Leptospira-induced acute renal failure in horses?

    <p>Tubulointerstitial nephritis without visible bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for Leptospira infection in horses?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common clinical presentation of horses with Leptospira infection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of prevention of Leptospira infection in horses?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common complication of Leptospira-induced abortion in horses?

    <p>Uveitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for horses with Salmonella enterica subspp_Enterica serotype infections?

    <p>Antimicrobial treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical sign of Salmonella enterica subspp_Enterica serotype infections in horses?

    <p>Leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of temporarily closing and emptying wards in the prevention of nosocomial infections in horse facilities?

    <p>To allow for thorough cleaning and disinfecting procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antimicrobials is not used in the treatment of systemic infections in horses?

    <p>Corticosteroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of detecting Salmonella enterica subspp_Enterica serotype infections in horses?

    <p>Urine detection by FAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate of tetanus in horses?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method of preventing Salmonella enterica subspp_Enterica serotype infections in horses?

    <p>Limiting exposure to stagnant water and potential maintenance hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of botulinum toxin?

    <p>Preventing transmission of nervous impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with Salmonella enterica subspp_Enterica serotype infections in horses?

    <p>Fecal shedding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for horses with tetanus in the early stages of disease?

    <p>Curariform agents or tranquilizers in conjunction with tetanus antitoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of Salmonella enterica subspp_Enterica serotype infection in horses?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended vaccination schedule for foals at high risk?

    <p>Tetanus antitoxin immediately after birth, then toxoid at 5-8 weeks of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical sign of botulism in foals?

    <p>Impaired suckling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of Clostridium botulinum?

    <p>Soil and decaying plant or animal matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dose of tetanus antitoxin for non-immunized horses?

    <p>1,500-3,000 IU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical sign of tetanus in adult horses?

    <p>Opisthotonus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacterial Diseases in Horses

    Strangles (Distemper)

    • Caused by Streptococcus equi, a Gram-positive, capsulated, beta-hemolytic, Lancefield group C coccus
    • Highly contagious and host-adapted, affecting only horses, donkeys, and mules
    • Pathogenesis: transmission via fomites and direct contact with infectious exudates, carrier animals are an important source of infection
    • Organism is susceptible to desiccation, extreme heat, and exposure to sunlight
    • Clinical findings:
      • Incubation period: 3-14 days
      • Fever: 39.4-41.1°C
      • Mucoid to mucopurulent nasal discharge
      • Depression
      • Submandibular lymphadenopathy
      • Difficulty in swallowing, inspiratory respiratory noise, and extended head and neck in horses with retropharyngeal lymph node involvement
    • Metastatic Strangles (Bastard Strangles): characterized by abscessation in other lymph nodes, particularly in the abdomen and less frequently in the thorax

    Diagnosis and Treatment

    • Diagnosis: bacterial culture of exudates from abscesses and nasal swab samples, CBC, endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract, and ultrasonography of the retropharyngeal area
    • Treatment: systemic administration of antimicrobials, fluid therapy, corticosteroid and cyclosporine for temporary relief, and vitrectomy with gentamycin lavage

    Prevention

    • Isolation of acutely infected horses for 14-16 weeks
    • Detection of urine by FAT
    • Limiting exposure to stagnant water and potential maintenance hosts
    • Vaccination

    Salmonella and Nosocomial Infection

    • Caused by Salmonella enterica subspp. Enterica serotype Typhimurium, Newport, Anatum, and Agona
    • Clinical signs:
      • Enterocolitis
      • Diarrhea
      • Fever
      • Leukopenia
    • Treatment: antimicrobial treatment
    • Prevention:
      • Cleaning and disinfecting of horse facilities
      • Temporarily closing and emptying wards, and instituting thorough and intensive cleaning and disinfecting procedures
      • Strict traffic of humans and animals
      • Adequate ventilation and distance between cases

    Tetanus

    • Caused by Clostridium tetani
    • Clinical signs:
      • Fever
      • Muscle stiffness
      • Hyperesthesia
      • Opisthotonus
      • Respiratory failure
    • Diagnosis:
      • Clinical signs and history of recent trauma
      • Demonstration of toxin in serum of affected animal
      • Anaerobic culture and demonstration of bacteria from wound
    • Treatment and control:
      • Curariform agents, tranquilizers, or barbiturate sedatives in conjunction with tetanus antitoxin
      • Administration of tetanus antitoxin into the subarachnoid space
      • Draining and cleaning of wounds, and administering penicillin or broad-spectrum antibiotics
      • Placing in a quiet, darkened stall box with feeding and watering devices
      • Sling for horses with difficulty in standing or rising
    • Prevention:
      • Active immunization with tetanus toxoid
      • Wound management and immunization
      • Yearly toxoid booster
      • Vaccination of mares during the last week of pregnancy
      • Vaccination of foals at 5-8 weeks of age

    Botulism

    • Caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum
    • Botulinum toxin acts on the peripheral nervous system by preventing transmission of nervous impulses
    • Found in soil and decaying plant or animal matter
    • Adult horses and foals less than 8 months old affected
    • Clinical signs:
      • Foals: impaired suckling, inability to swallow, decreased eyelid and tail tone, dilated pupils, and respiratory paralysis
      • Adults: parenteral nutrition
    • Treatment: supportive care and antitoxin administration

    Suppurative Bronchopneumonia

    • Caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals
    • Also causes ulcerative enterocolitis, colonic-mesenteric lymphadenopathy, immune-mediated synovitis and uveitis, osteomyelitis, pyogranulomatous dermatitis, brain abscess, immune-mediated anemia, and septic arthritis
    • Inhalation of contaminated dust is the most important route for pneumonic infection in foals
    • Facultative intracellular parasites of monocytes and macrophages
    • Clinical signs:
      • Suppurative bronchopneumonia with extensive abscess formation and suppurative lymphadenitis
      • Early signs: slight increase in respiratory rate and mild fever
      • More commonly: acute respiratory distress and high fever
      • Intestinal manifestations: granulomatous or suppurative inflammation of Peyer's patches and mesenteric or colonic lymph nodes
    • Treatment: administration of erythromycin and rifampin, or azithromycin and clarithromycin in combination with rifampin
    • Prevention:
      • Husbandry: stocking density, proper ventilation, and dust control
      • Passive immunity: transfusion of hyperimmuned plasma
      • Chemoprophylaxis: development of superinfections, bacterial resistance, and antimicrobial-induced colitis

    Lyme Disease

    • Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
    • 2-year enzootic dual infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum cycle involving Ixodes ticks and mammals
    • Ticks must be attached to a mammal for at least 24 hours
    • Clinical signs:
      • Low-grade fever
      • Stiffness and lameness in more than one limb
      • Muscle tenderness, hyperesthesia, and swollen joints
      • Lethargy and behavioral changes
    • Treatment:
      • Tetracycline
      • Doxycycline
      • Ceftiofur
    • Prevention:
      • Preventing tick exposure or prolonged attachment
      • Early antimicrobial treatment after exposure
      • Vaccination

    Leptospirosis

    • Caused by highly invasive Leptospira
    • Clinical syndrome:
      • Reproductive tract: Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona, responsible for most Leptospira abortions
      • Acute renal failure: Leptospira Pomona, causing severe and acute renal failure
      • Recurrent uveitis: Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona, causing immune-mediated keratitis and recurrent uveitis
    • Treatment:
      • Tetracycline
      • Doxycycline
    • Prevention:
      • Preventing exposure to contaminated urine and water
      • Vaccination

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    Description

    This quiz covers Strangles, a highly contagious bacterial disease affecting horses, donkeys, and mules, caused by Streptococcus equi. Learn about its transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical findings.

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