Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one primary function of the skeletal system?
What is one primary function of the skeletal system?
- Provide shape to the body (correct)
- Facilitate digestion
- Regulate hormones
- Conduct nerve impulses
Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange in the body?
Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange in the body?
- Digestive system
- Endocrine system
- Nervous system
- Respiratory system (correct)
Which terms describe the position of anatomical features relative to one another?
Which terms describe the position of anatomical features relative to one another?
- Anterior and dorsal (correct)
- Lateral and distal
- Superior and inferior
- Ventral and caudal
What are the primary components that make up the skeletal system?
What are the primary components that make up the skeletal system?
Which muscle type is primarily responsible for voluntary movements?
Which muscle type is primarily responsible for voluntary movements?
Which system is associated with the transportation of nutrients and gases throughout the body?
Which system is associated with the transportation of nutrients and gases throughout the body?
The term 'ventral' relates to which part of an animal's body?
The term 'ventral' relates to which part of an animal's body?
What role do endocrine glands play in the body?
What role do endocrine glands play in the body?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What role do hormones play in the reproductive functions of mares?
What role do hormones play in the reproductive functions of mares?
Which of the following glands is part of the male reproductive system?
Which of the following glands is part of the male reproductive system?
What is the role of the posterior pituitary in hormone production?
What is the role of the posterior pituitary in hormone production?
Which hormone is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary?
Which hormone is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary?
Which of the following classifications accurately describes the types of bones?
Which of the following classifications accurately describes the types of bones?
What are the primary components of the axial skeleton?
What are the primary components of the axial skeleton?
Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the body?
Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the body?
Which fuel system primarily utilizes phosphagen during short bursts of activity?
Which fuel system primarily utilizes phosphagen during short bursts of activity?
What is the approximate length of the digestive tract in a mature light horse?
What is the approximate length of the digestive tract in a mature light horse?
What components make up the urinary system?
What components make up the urinary system?
During which process does the lungs of horses typically take in air?
During which process does the lungs of horses typically take in air?
How is the pulse rate determined?
How is the pulse rate determined?
Flashcards
Dorsal
Dorsal
The upper surface of an animal's body.
Ventral
Ventral
The lower surface of an animal's body, typically the belly or abdomen.
Anterior/Cranial
Anterior/Cranial
The front or head of an animal.
Posterior/Caudal
Posterior/Caudal
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Skeletal System
Skeletal System
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Muscular System
Muscular System
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Digestive System
Digestive System
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Urinary System
Urinary System
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Long Bones
Long Bones
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Short Bones
Short Bones
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Flat Bones
Flat Bones
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Irregular Bones
Irregular Bones
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Axial Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
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Appendicular Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
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Joints
Joints
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What are the two main parts of the nervous system?
What are the two main parts of the nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
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What controls the mare's reproductive functions?
What controls the mare's reproductive functions?
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Describe the stallion's reproductive system.
Describe the stallion's reproductive system.
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What is the endocrine system?
What is the endocrine system?
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- List the nine equine body systems and major organs
- Detail the functions of skeletal, muscular, digestive, urinary, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, reproductive, and endocrine systems.
- Identify the components of skeletal, muscular, nervous, urinary, respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, and reproductive systems
- List the five divisions of the vertebral column
- Name the bones in the foreleg and hind leg
- Describe three types of joints
- Identify three types of muscles and their locations
- Trace the circulation of blood through the body
- Identify the endocrine glands and hormones they secrete
Introduction
- A basic understanding of equine functional anatomy is vital
- Functional anatomy forms the basis for understanding the "why" behind modern equine production and equitation
Animal Surfaces and Body Systems
- Overview of directional terms
- Dorsal: Upper surface
- Ventral: Lower or abdominal surface
- Anterior/Cranial: Front or head
- Posterior/Caudal: Tail or rear
- Nine body systems:
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Respiratory
- Circulatory
- Nervous
- Reproductive
- Endocrine
The Skeletal System
- Overview: The rigid framework that shapes and protects internal organs
- Composed of bone and cartilage
- Classified by shape: long, short, flat, irregular
- Divisions of the skeleton:
- Axial: Skull, spinal column
- Appendicular: Forelegs, hind legs (list of specific bones is found in the page 10 image)
Joints or Articulations
- Immovable: Fixed joints
- Slightly Movable: Limited movement
- Freely Movable: Enables wide range of movement
- Other ligaments
The Muscular System
- Overview: Provides internal and external movement
- Three types of muscles:
- Smooth
- Cardiac
- Striated/Skeletal
- Fueling the Muscles:
- Phosphagen system
- Glycogen or lactate system
- Citric acid or Krebs cycle
- Tendons, Sheaths, and Bursae:
- Located near joints reducing friction in the legs
The Digestive System
- Overview: Converts food into usable form
- Digestive tract of a mature light horse is approximately 100 feet long
- Coiled and looped
- Capacity of 40-50 gallons
The Urinary System
- Overview: Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
- Kidneys: Filter blood and produce urine
- Ureters: Carry urine to the bladder
- Bladder: Stores urine
- Urethra: Transports urine out of the body
The Respiratory System
- Overview: Composed of specific organs:
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Physiology of Respiration: Processes of breathing (inspiration and expiration)
- Average horse's lungs hold about 1.5 cubic feet of air
- 8-16 breaths per minute at rest
The Circulatory System
- Overview: Transports blood throughout the body
- Heart: Pumps blood
- Blood: Carries oxygen and nutrients
- Vessels and lymphatics: Contain blood and lymph
- Physiology of Circulation:
- Heart's movement controlled by nerves
- Contraction and relaxation
- Pulse rate (measured by counting the pulsations of an artery)
The Nervous System
- Overview: Conveys sensory impulses, complex system
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Nerve fibers
- Sensory receptors
- Two main portions: Autonomic (automatic functions), and central nervous system (conscious/voluntary actions)
The Reproductive System
- Overview: Essential for horse breeding
- Mare: Reproductive function directed by hormones (endocrine system); hormonal balance controls all phases of reproductive tract stimulation/inhibition
- Stallion: Male reproductive system involves testes, accessory sex glands, tubules, and spermatozoa; sperm travel through tubules to female tract
The Endocrine System
- Overview: Composed of ductless glands that produce hormones
- Hormone Production:
- Posterior pituitary: Stores hormones that originate elsewhere (e.g., vasopressin, oxytocin)
- Anterior pituitary: Secretes hormones like FSH, LH, Prolactin etc.
- Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreatic cortex, Adrenal medulla, Gonads, Gastrointestinal
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