Episodic Memory Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is episodic memory?

Memories for specific personal experiences that are located at a particular point in time.

How is episodic memory different from semantic knowledge?

Episodic memory involves personal experiences, while semantic knowledge is general world knowledge.

What does Bartlett's approach to memory emphasize?

Effort after meaning and semantic organization.

What is the Dual-Coding Hypothesis?

Encoding words in terms of both their visual appearance and verbal meaning. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are levels of processing?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is semantic processing?

The meaning attached to stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is the HERA hypothesis?

Tulving proposed that encoding of episodic memories involves the left frontal lobe while retrieval involves the right frontal areas. Signup and view all the answers

Episodic memories only influence retrieval by the physical structure of the brain.

False Signup and view all the answers

What enhances memory recall according to the encoding specificity principle?

When recall occurs in the same context as it was learned. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes state-dependent memory?

Both A and C. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the continued practice of already memorized information?

Overlearning. Signup and view all the answers

What type of practice is better for memory retention?

Distributed Practice Signup and view all the answers

What is the Von Restorff effect?

Memory for a unique item is better than memory for any other item. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of forgetting in long-term memory?

Interference. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does proactive interference have on memory?

Old knowledge results in increased forgetting of new knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inhibition of interference in memory?

To aid in remembering by reducing the level of interference. Signup and view all the answers

Repetition is always beneficial for memory.

False Signup and view all the answers

What strategy helps improve episodic memory through organization?

Chunking and hierarchical organization. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'context independence' refer to?

Knowledge can be recalled in many different contexts. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Episodic Memory Overview

Episodic Memory involves recollections of personal experiences tied to specific times and places.
Connects past memories with future thinking through previous experiences.

Comparison with Semantic Knowledge

Distinction between Episodic Memory (personal, contextual) and Semantic Knowledge (general facts, concepts).
Example: Remembering the circumstances of attending a movie (episodic) vs. knowing the film's title (semantic).

Bartlett's Approach to Meaning and Memory

Emphasizes the significance of meaning and associations for memory encoding and retention.
Introduces the Dual-Coding Hypothesis: encoding can happen visually and verbally.

Dual-Coding Hypothesis

Effective memory encoding occurs when information is processed through both its visual form and verbal meaning.
Concrete words aid in easier encoding than abstract concepts.

Levels of Processing

Memory is characterized by three distinct processing levels:
- Shallow Visual Processing: Basic features of stimuli.
- Phonological Processing: Sound and phonetic aspects.
- Semantic Processing: Deep processing focused on meaning.

Neuroimaging and the HERA Hypothesis

Tulving's HERA Hypothesis indicates left frontal lobe involvement in encoding and right frontal areas in retrieval of episodic memories.

Episodic memory influences brain structure; example: London cab drivers showed greater hippocampal development due to navigation expertise.

Memory Content and Context

Content refers to event details while context relates to surrounding circumstances during the event.

Understanding Forgetting through Retrieval Cues

Forgetting often results from insufficient retrieval cues, hindering memory access.
Effective retrieval employs both feature cues and context cues.

Types of Retrieval Cues

Feature Cues: Elements intrinsic to the memory.
Context Cues: Environmental and situational factors surrounding the memory.

Encoding Specificity Principle

Memory recall is enhanced when retrieval occurs under similar contexts as learning.
Example: Scuba diving study showcased context-dependent memory.

State-Dependent and Mood-Congruent Memory

Memory performance improves when physiological states align between learning and recall.
Mood influences memory: congruent emotional states enhance the recall of related information.

Transfer Appropriate Processing

Retrieval effectiveness increases when the learning process mirrors the recall situation.

Impact of Practice on Memory

Distributed practice improves memory retention over massed practice, which can lead to deficient processing.

Interference and Its Types

Interference is a principle mechanism behind forgetting in long-term memory.
Types of interference: Negative Transfer, Proactive Interference, Retroactive Interference, Associative Interference.

Inhibition of Interference Techniques

Methods to reduce interference include part-set cuing, directed forgetting, negative priming, and repeated practice.

Repetition and Overlearning

Continued practice on memorized information strengthens traces and reduces forgetting potential.
Permastore emerges from distributed practice and overlearning.

Improving Episodic Memory

Organizational strategies like chunking and hierarchical structures enhance memorization.
Distinctiveness in memory aids retention, demonstrated by the Von Restorff effect.

Memorization Strategies

Various strategies from Kerchoff and Buckner include visual inspection, verbal elaboration, mental imagery, and personal memory linkage.

Material Appropriate Processing

Tailoring learning methods to the material type ensures better memory: relational processing for narratives and item-specific for factual texts.

Conclusion on Episodic Memory

Episodic Memory is complex and supported by emerging neurological findings.
Effective organization and contextual relevance matter for successful recall and memory retention.

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Description

Test your understanding of episodic memory and its distinction from semantic knowledge. This quiz dives into the specifics of what episodic memory entails and how it shapes our personal experiences. Perfect for psychology students looking to solidify their grasp of memory concepts.