Antiepileptic Drugs (Concept)
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Questions and Answers

What is the medical term for a sudden attack of involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations?

  • Spasm
  • Convulsion (correct)
  • Epilepsy
  • Seizure

    • Which type of seizure is characterized by an abnormal, excessive neuronal discharge in a limited area of the cerebral cortex?

  • Chronic Medical Condition
  • Recurrent Disorder of Cerebral Function
  • Generalized Seizure
  • Focal Partial Seizure (correct)

    • What is the term for a chronic medical condition characterized by recurrent seizures and convulsions?

  • Cerebral Function Disorder
  • Convulsion Disorder
  • Seizure Syndrome
  • Epilepsy (correct)

    • What is the term for a sudden change in the electrical function of the brain?

    <p>Seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a medication used to treat epilepsy?

    <p>Anti-epileptic Drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a seizure that affects only a specific part of the brain?

    <p>Focal Seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a seizure that affects the entire brain?

    <p>Generalized Seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures and convulsions, caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain?

    <p>Epilepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a person experiencing a generalized seizure?

    <p>They have impaired consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of therapy for seizures?

    <p>To control the symptoms of seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of seizure is characterized by a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to a fall?

    <p>Atonic seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of EEG patterns in epilepsy diagnosis?

    <p>They help identify the type of epilepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a simple partial seizure?

    <p>No change in awareness of surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of choosing a specific drug therapy for seizures?

    <p>To control the symptoms of seizures based on EEG patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the EEG in choosing a drug therapy for seizures?

    <p>It helps choose the most effective drug therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a complex partial seizure?

    <p>Change in awareness of surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between head trauma and seizures?

    <p>Head trauma is a cause of seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of medications in seizure therapy?

    <p>They control the symptoms of seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with status epilepticus?

    <p>Life-threatening situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of medication that can interfere with cognitive function in learning situations?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of seizures at the cellular level?

    <p>Excitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a side effect of medication?

    <p>Birth defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a prolonged state of continuous seizure activity?

    <p>Status epilepticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of medication that can impact daily activities?

    <p>Ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with sedation?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of medication that can impact mental health?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness?

    <p>Generalized tonic-clonic convulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of medication that can impact physical health?

    <p>Anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of brain damage in Status Epilepticus?

    <p>Excitatory neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters has an inhibitory effect on neuronal activity?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of blocking voltage-dependent ion channels?

    <p>Reduced neuronal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of treatment in Status Epilepticus?

    <p>Inhibiting the activity of glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excessive glutamate release on neuronal activity?

    <p>Enhanced neuronal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for hypotension in Status Epilepticus?

    <p>Fluid resuscitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of enhancing GABA activity on neuronal excitability?

    <p>Decreased neuronal excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of untreated Status Epilepticus?

    <p>Brain damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhibiting glutamate activity on neuronal excitability?

    <p>Decreased neuronal excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of medications used to treat Status Epilepticus?

    <p>Inhibiting glutamate activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Epilepsy

    • Recurrent disorder of cerebral function characterized by seizures and convulsions
    • Chronic medical condition with sudden changes in the electrical function of the brain

    Types of Seizures

    • Focal (Partial) Seizures:
      • Abnormal excessive neuronal discharge associated with abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) activity
      • Person may be aware or have impaired consciousness
      • Arises simultaneously in both hemispheres of the brain
    • Generalised Seizures:
      • Involves the entire brain, with sudden loss of consciousness
      • Caused by abnormal electrical activity in both hemispheres of the brain

    Characteristics of Seizures

    • Myoclonic: sudden, brief contractions of muscles
    • Tonic: stiffening of muscles
    • Clonic: rhythmic contractions and relaxations of muscles
    • Atonic: sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to falling
    • Simple partial seizures: does not affect consciousness
    • Complex partial seizures: affects consciousness and awareness of surroundings

    Diagnosis and Treatment

    • Diagnosis: abnormal EEG patterns
    • Treatment: aim to control seizures, not cure epilepsy
    • Choice of drug therapy depends on the type of seizure
    • Each type of epilepsy displays a specific EEG pattern during a seizure

    Side Effects of Anti-Epileptic Drugs

    • CNS Effects: drowsiness, sedation, vertigo, depression, headache
    • GI Effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
    • Skin Effects: rash
    • Fetal Effects: birth defects

    Cellular Mechanisms of Seizures

    • Excitation and inhibition of neurons
    • Abnormal neuronal discharge leading to seizures

    Status Epilepticus

    • Life-threatening condition characterized by prolonged, continuous seizure activity

    • Patient is unconscious and may experience generalised tonic-clonic convulsions### Ion Channels and Neurotransmitters

    • Ionic-inward currents can cause brain damage and are a medical emergency.

    • Ionic-inward currents are blocked by voltage-dependent ion channels.

    • Ionic-outward currents, also known as KE currents, have opposing effects.

    Neurotransmitters

    • Excitatory neurotransmitters: glutamate, aspartate.
    • Inhibitory neurotransmitter: GABA.

    Treatment Objectives

    • Inhibit the activity of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter.
    • Enhance the inhibitory activity of GABA.

    Treatment Options

    • Hypotension treatment: Status Epilepticus.
    • Treatment for cardiac dysrhythmias.

    Hypoxia

    • Hypoxia is a condition that can cause brain damage.

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    Anti-Epileptic Drugs PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of epilepsy, a recurrent disorder of cerebral function, and its treatment with anti-epileptic drugs.

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