Antiepileptic Drugs (Concept)
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Questions and Answers

What is the medical term for a sudden attack of involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations?

  • Spasm
  • Convulsion (correct)
  • Epilepsy
  • Seizure

Which type of seizure is characterized by an abnormal, excessive neuronal discharge in a limited area of the cerebral cortex?

  • Chronic Medical Condition
  • Recurrent Disorder of Cerebral Function
  • Generalized Seizure
  • Focal Partial Seizure (correct)

What is the term for a chronic medical condition characterized by recurrent seizures and convulsions?

  • Cerebral Function Disorder
  • Convulsion Disorder
  • Seizure Syndrome
  • Epilepsy (correct)

What is the term for a sudden change in the electrical function of the brain?

<p>Seizure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a medication used to treat epilepsy?

<p>Anti-epileptic Drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a seizure that affects only a specific part of the brain?

<p>Focal Seizure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a seizure that affects the entire brain?

<p>Generalized Seizure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures and convulsions, caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain?

<p>Epilepsy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a person experiencing a generalized seizure?

<p>They have impaired consciousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of therapy for seizures?

<p>To control the symptoms of seizures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of seizure is characterized by a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to a fall?

<p>Atonic seizure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of EEG patterns in epilepsy diagnosis?

<p>They help identify the type of epilepsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a simple partial seizure?

<p>No change in awareness of surroundings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of choosing a specific drug therapy for seizures?

<p>To control the symptoms of seizures based on EEG patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the EEG in choosing a drug therapy for seizures?

<p>It helps choose the most effective drug therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a complex partial seizure?

<p>Change in awareness of surroundings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between head trauma and seizures?

<p>Head trauma is a cause of seizures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of medications in seizure therapy?

<p>They control the symptoms of seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern associated with status epilepticus?

<p>Life-threatening situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a side effect of medication that can interfere with cognitive function in learning situations?

<p>Confusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of seizures at the cellular level?

<p>Excitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of medication?

<p>Birth defects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a prolonged state of continuous seizure activity?

<p>Status epilepticus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a side effect of medication that can impact daily activities?

<p>Ataxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern associated with sedation?

<p>Drowsiness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a side effect of medication that can impact mental health?

<p>Depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a type of seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness?

<p>Generalized tonic-clonic convulsions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a side effect of medication that can impact physical health?

<p>Anorexia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of brain damage in Status Epilepticus?

<p>Excitatory neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters has an inhibitory effect on neuronal activity?

<p>GABA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of blocking voltage-dependent ion channels?

<p>Reduced neuronal activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of treatment in Status Epilepticus?

<p>Inhibiting the activity of glutamate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of excessive glutamate release on neuronal activity?

<p>Enhanced neuronal activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for hypotension in Status Epilepticus?

<p>Fluid resuscitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of enhancing GABA activity on neuronal excitability?

<p>Decreased neuronal excitability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of untreated Status Epilepticus?

<p>Brain damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of inhibiting glutamate activity on neuronal excitability?

<p>Decreased neuronal excitability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of medications used to treat Status Epilepticus?

<p>Inhibiting glutamate activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Epilepsy

  • Recurrent disorder of cerebral function characterized by seizures and convulsions
  • Chronic medical condition with sudden changes in the electrical function of the brain

Types of Seizures

  • Focal (Partial) Seizures:
    • Abnormal excessive neuronal discharge associated with abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) activity
    • Person may be aware or have impaired consciousness
    • Arises simultaneously in both hemispheres of the brain
  • Generalised Seizures:
    • Involves the entire brain, with sudden loss of consciousness
    • Caused by abnormal electrical activity in both hemispheres of the brain

Characteristics of Seizures

  • Myoclonic: sudden, brief contractions of muscles
  • Tonic: stiffening of muscles
  • Clonic: rhythmic contractions and relaxations of muscles
  • Atonic: sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to falling
  • Simple partial seizures: does not affect consciousness
  • Complex partial seizures: affects consciousness and awareness of surroundings

Diagnosis and Treatment

  • Diagnosis: abnormal EEG patterns
  • Treatment: aim to control seizures, not cure epilepsy
  • Choice of drug therapy depends on the type of seizure
  • Each type of epilepsy displays a specific EEG pattern during a seizure

Side Effects of Anti-Epileptic Drugs

  • CNS Effects: drowsiness, sedation, vertigo, depression, headache
  • GI Effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
  • Skin Effects: rash
  • Fetal Effects: birth defects

Cellular Mechanisms of Seizures

  • Excitation and inhibition of neurons
  • Abnormal neuronal discharge leading to seizures

Status Epilepticus

  • Life-threatening condition characterized by prolonged, continuous seizure activity

  • Patient is unconscious and may experience generalised tonic-clonic convulsions### Ion Channels and Neurotransmitters

  • Ionic-inward currents can cause brain damage and are a medical emergency.

  • Ionic-inward currents are blocked by voltage-dependent ion channels.

  • Ionic-outward currents, also known as KE currents, have opposing effects.

Neurotransmitters

  • Excitatory neurotransmitters: glutamate, aspartate.
  • Inhibitory neurotransmitter: GABA.

Treatment Objectives

  • Inhibit the activity of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter.
  • Enhance the inhibitory activity of GABA.

Treatment Options

  • Hypotension treatment: Status Epilepticus.
  • Treatment for cardiac dysrhythmias.

Hypoxia

  • Hypoxia is a condition that can cause brain damage.

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Anti-Epileptic Drugs PDF

Description

This quiz covers the basics of epilepsy, a recurrent disorder of cerebral function, and its treatment with anti-epileptic drugs.

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