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What is the effect of preload on hormone release during pregnancy?
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What is the recommended method to prevent heat loss in a newborn?
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What is the primary purpose of fundus massage during postpartum?
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What is the recommended pharmacological intervention for an eclamptic seizure?
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Study Notes
Here are the study notes for the text:
- Airway, Respiration, and Ventilation (Peds)*
Epiglottitis
- Life-threatening condition that causes swelling of the epiglottis and supraglottic tissues
- Signs and symptoms:
- Looks sick
- Anxious
- Sitting upright in sniffing position with chin thrust forward
- Drooling because of inability to swallow
- Work of breathing increased
- Pallor or cyanosis
- Stridor
- Muffled voice
- Decreased or absent breath sounds
- Hypoxia
- Sudden onset of high fever and sore throat
- Treatment:
- Transport
- Position of comfort
- Supplemental oxygen if tolerated
- Do not look in mouth or start IV line
- Prepare BVM and ET tube one to two sizes smaller than anticipated
Endotracheal Intubation
- Indications:
- Cardiopulmonary arrest
- Respiratory failure or arrest
- Traumatic brain injury
- Unresponsiveness
- Inability to maintain a patent airway
- Need for prolonged ventilation
- Need for ET administration of resuscitative medications
- If no IV or IO access available
- Laryngoscope blades used for intubation:
- Premature newborn: Size 0 Miller/Wis-Hipple
- Full-term newborn to 1 year old: Size 1 Miller/Wis-Hipple
- 2 years old to adolescent: Size 2 Miller/Wis-Hipple
- Adolescent or older: Size 3 Miller/Wis-Hipple or Mac
- Methods for endotracheal tube measurements:
- Length-based resuscitation tapes up to 77 pounds (35 kg)
- Uncuffed ET tube:
- 3.5 mm tube for infants up to 1 year old
- 4 mm tube for children between 1 and 2 years old
- Older than 2 years old: 4 + (age / 4)
- Cuffed ET tube:
- 3 mm tube for infants
- 3.5 mm tube for children between 1 and 2 years old
- Older than 2 years old: 3.5 (age / 4)
Pharmacological Treatment for Asthma
- Bronchodilators – beta-agonists that act to relax smooth muscles in the bronchioles
- DuoNeb: 2.5 mg of albuterol and 0.5 mg of ipratropium
- 2.5 mg of albuterol premixed with 3 ml of normal saline
- Larger child or child of any age in severe distress: Consider 5 mg of albuterol
- Moderate to severe respiratory distress: Ipratropium
- 0.25 mg or one puff for children weighing less than 10 kg (22 lbs)
- 0.5 mg or two puffs for children weighing more than 10 kg (22 lbs)
- IM dexamethasone at 0.6 mg/kg (max dose of 16 mg) can shorten acute exacerbations of asthma
Respiratory Distress
- Signs and symptoms:
- Pallor or mottled color
- Irritability
- Anxiety
- Restlessness
- Respiratory rate faster than normal for age
- Retractions
- Suprasternal, intercostal, subcostal
- Accessory muscle use
- Abdominal breathing
- Nasal flaring
- Inspiratory stridor
- Grunting
- Mild tachycardia
- Tripod position
And so on for the rest of the text. Let me know if you'd like me to continue!
Here are the study notes for the text:
- Indications for Endotracheal Intubation*
- Cardiopulmonary arrest
- Respiratory failure or arrest
- Traumatic brain injury
- Unresponsiveness
- Inability to maintain a patent airway
- Need for prolonged ventilation
- Need for ET administration of resuscitative medications
- Laryngoscope blades used for intubation:
- Premature newborn: Size 0 Miller/Wis-Hipple
- Full-term newborn to 1 year old: Size 1 Miller/Wis-Hipple
- 2 years old to adolescent: Size 2 Miller/Wis-Hipple
- Adolescent or older: Size 3 Miller/Wis-Hipple or Mac
- Pharmacological Treatment for Asthma*
- Bronchodilators (beta-agonists):
- DuoNeb: 2.5 mg of albuterol, 0.5 mg of ipratropium
- 2.5 mg of albuterol premixed with 3 ml of normal saline
- Larger child or child of any age in severe distress: 5 mg of albuterol
- Ipratropium:
- 0.25 mg or one puff for children weighing less than 10 kg (22 lbs)
- 0.5 mg or two puffs for children weighing more than 10 kg (22 lbs)
- IM dexamethasone (at 0.6 mg/kg, max dose of 16 mg) to shorten acute exacerbations of asthma
- Epinephrine IM (at 0.01 mg/kg of 1 mg/ml, max single dose of 0.3 mg) for severe respiratory distress, altered mental status, or markedly diminished air movement on auscultation
- Pharmacological Treatment for Bradycardia*
- CPR if heart rate < 60/min
- Epinephrine IV/IO (at 0.01 mg/kg, 0.1 ml/kg of 1:10,000 solution)
- ET tube epinephrine (at 0.1 mg/kg, 0.1 ml/kg of 1:1,000 solution)
- Atropine (at 0.02 mg/kg, may repeat once, min dose of 0.1 mg, max single dose of 0.5 mg) for increased vagal tone or primary AV block
- Treatment of Upper Respiratory Infections*
- Croup:
- Transport
- Position of comfort
- Steroid IV or IM to reduce inflammation (dexamethasone)
- Nebulized Epinephrine (at 0.25 to 0.5 in 3 ml, 1:1,000)
- Epiglottitis:
- Transport
- Position of comfort
- Supplemental oxygen if tolerated
- Do not look in mouth or start IV line
- Prepare BVM and ET tube one to two sizes smaller than anticipated
- Bacterial Tracheitis:
- Position of comfort
- Provide supplemental oxygen as tolerated
- Do not attempt to look in mouth
- Do not insert an IV line
- BVM and ET tube one to two sizes smaller than anticipated
- Cardiology and Resuscitation (Peds)*
- Common causes of cardiac arrest:
- Respiratory arrest
- Injury, blunt and penetrating
- Infections of respiratory tract or another organ system
- Foreign body obstruction
- Submersion
- Electrocution
- Poisoning or drug overdose
- Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
- Fluid resuscitation dosages:
- Neonate: 10 ml/kg
- Newborn and up: 20 ml/kg
- Identify and treat dehydration:
- Signs and symptoms: dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, sunken fontanelle, sunken eyes, delayed capillary refill, decreased urinary output, absent tears, and weight loss
- Treatment: IV fluid therapy (normal saline at 10 ml/kg bolus)
- Indications to perform CPR:
- No pulse
- Heart rate < 60/min with signs of poor perfusion
- Pallor, mottling, or cyanosis
- Apnea
- Unresponsive with a foreign body obstruction
- Gynecology*
- Signs and symptoms of gynecological infections:
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID):
- Pain that starts during or after normal menstruation
- Pain localized to right upper quadrant
- Vaginal discharge
- Fever and chills
- Pain or burning during urination (dysuria)
- Bartholin Abscess:
- Vulvar pain
- Pain with intercourse
- Painful lump in vulvar area
- Vaginitis:
- Itching
- Irritation
- Discharge
- Odor
- Painful intercourse
- Lower abdominal pain
- Vaginal Yeast Infections:
- Itching
- Burning
- Soreness in the vagina and around the vulva
- Vulvar swelling
- Thick, white vaginal discharge (cottage cheese appearance)
- Pain during sexual intercourse
- Burning on urination
- Vulvovaginitis:
- Redness
- Pain
- Swelling
- Discharge
- Burning
- Itching
- Cystitis:
- Suprapubic pain
- Cloudy urine
- Urinary frequency
- Hematuria
- Dysuria
- Pyelonephritis:
- Severely ill
- Fevers
- Chills
- Vomiting
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID):
- Signs and symptoms of appendicitis:
- Early stage:
- Periumbilical pain
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Low-grade fever
- Loss of appetite
- Ripe stage:
- Pain in lower right quadrant (McBurney point)
- Rupture stage:
- Decrease in pain (decreased pressure)
- Generalized pain
- Rebound tenderness
- Early stage:
- Treatment of vaginal bleeding:
- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding:
- Supportive
- Position of comfort
- Dressings or towels to absorb bleeding
- Traumatic vaginal bleeding:
- Keep warm
- Oxygen
- IV access
- IV fluids
- Ectopic Pregnancy:
- Supplemental oxygen if indicated
- Give nothing by mouth, including water
- Left lateral recumbent
- IV fluid therapy
- Anticipate vomiting
- Keep warm
- Cardiac monitor
- Transport to nearest facility with surgical capabilities
- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding:
- Medical (Peds)*
- Identify specific types of seizures:
- Generalized seizures (involves the entire brain):
- Tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal)
- Absence seizure (petit mal)
- Partial seizures (involves only one part of the brain):
- Simple partial seizure
- Complex partial seizure
- Febrile seizures:
- Simple febrile seizure
- Complex febrile seizure
- Neonatal seizures:
- Spasms
- Clonic seizure
- Tonic seizure
- Myoclonic seizure
- Subtle seizure
- Generalized seizures (involves the entire brain):
- Pharmacological treatment for a seizure:
- Benzodiazepine (anticonvulsant):
- Lorazepam (Ativan)
- Diazepam (Valium)
- Midazolam (Versed)
- Benzodiazepine (anticonvulsant):
- Signs and symptoms of meningitis:
- Fever
- Lethargy
- Irritability
- Poor feeding
- Bulging fontanel
- Nuchal rigidity (neck stiffness with movement of neck)
- Headaches
- Neck pain
- Projectile vomiting
- Photosensitivity
- Kernig sign and Brudzinski sign
And so on...
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Description
Assess your knowledge of epiglottitis, a life-threatening condition in pediatric patients, including its signs, symptoms, and treatment. Test your understanding of this critical condition in pediatric airway management.
