Epidemiology Unit 3

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of these options are correct about formative evaluation? (Select all that apply)

Conducted during planning (correct)

Conducted only after implementation

Measures overall outcomes

Evaluates new programs (correct)

What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

An epidemic affects a large number of people in a specific area. A pandemic is a global epidemic.

An epidemic is a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease that affects many people at the same time. A pandemic is a regional epidemic.

An epidemic is a global epidemic. A pandemic is a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease that affects many people at the same time.

An epidemic is a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease that affects many people at the same time. A pandemic is a global epidemic. (correct)

What is the focus of a summative evaluation?

Evaluating the process of implementing a program

Identifying areas where a program can be improved

Measuring the overall effectiveness of a program (correct)

Identifying potential risks and vulnerabilities of a program

What is the difference between an endemic and an Epidemic?

An endemic is a disease that is constantly present in a particular region. An epidemic is a disease that is not constantly present in a particular region, but spreads quickly and widely. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the stages of the natural history of disease model?

Stage of susceptibility, stage of subclinical disease, stage of clinical disease, stage of recovery, disability, or death (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the chain of infection?

The chain of infection is a model that describes the steps involved in the spread of an infectious disease. It includes the following steps: Infectious Agent, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Modes of Transmission, Portal of Entry, and Susceptible Host. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of case reports in observational studies?

Case reports provide in-depth analysis of an individual's experience with a disease. They are often used to identify emerging public health issues and generate hypotheses for further research. Signup and view all the answers

What is incidence?

Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a specific disease or health condition that occur within a defined population during a specific time period. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "benefiecence" refer to?

Beneficence is an ethical principle that emphasizes the importance of doing good and providing benefit to others, while minimizing potential harm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of a false negative screening?

A false negative screening can delay the diagnosis and treatment of a disease, potentially leading to a loss of opportunity for early intervention and worsening of the condition. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key factors to consider when conducting a needs assessment of a community?

Conducting a thorough needs assessment of the community , involving community members in the process. Ensuring the results are disseminated to all residents to promote awareness and guide decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of county health rankings?

To provide a comprehensive overview of health outcomes for a specific county (D) Signup and view all the answers

The overriding goals of Health People 2023 focus only on health issues

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the core features of a built environment assessment tool?

Infrastructure, Walkability, Bikeability, Recreational sites, Food access (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the simplex method for prioritization strategies in community data?

The simplex method utilizes a questionnaire with close-ended questions that allow stakeholders to rate the importance of various issues, enabling the identification of higher priorities based on the scores received. Signup and view all the answers

What is a community diagnosis?

A community diagnosis involves compiling and analyzing data on various aspects of a community's health status, identifying potential resources, prioritizing key issues, and determining overall health needs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of program management?

Program management involves coordinating multiple projects related to a specific community program, ensuring a cohesive approach to achieve the overall goals of the program. Effective program management relies heavily on stakeholders and community influencers for successful implementation and sustainability. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key step in disaster prevention?

Educating individuals and communities about potential risks and vulnerabilities (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the CASPER framework?

To gather information from the community to determine their needs in an emergency (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the key activities that nurses should participate in prior to a disaster?

Nurses play a vital role in disaster preparedness by preparing personal, family, and workplace disaster plans, participating in drills for emergency response, maintaining up-to-date procedures and resources, and ensuring inclusivity by incorporating vulnerable populations in preparedness efforts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the affective domain of learning?

Influencing feelings, beliefs, and attitudes (D) Signup and view all the answers

The transformative learning theory suggests learners can change their perspective when presented with new information

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the key issues that individuals with low health literacy might face?

Individuals with low health literacy may experience challenges in understanding medical information, filling out forms, communicating with healthcare providers, managing chronic conditions, and recognizing healthy behaviors. This can lead to delayed diagnoses, ineffective treatment, and poor health outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of the cultural care theory?

The cultural care theory emphasizes the importance of providing culturally congruent care, taking into account the values, beliefs, and practices of individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds to promote their overall health and well-being. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 3 Epidemiology

Formative evaluation occurs before and during a program.
- It involves evaluating planning and implementation.
- A key question to ask is whether the new program is being implemented as planned.
Differences between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic:
- Endemic: Expected presence of a disease.
- Epidemic: Presence of a disease that surpasses the expected level.
- Pandemic: A widespread epidemic that has spread to a large scale, impacting many countries. COVID-19 is an example.
Summative evaluation is conducted at the end of an established program.
- It measures the overall outcomes of established programs.
The epidemiological triangle includes agent, host, and environment:
- Agent: Cause of a disease.
- Host: The carrier of the disease.
- Environment: Agent's surroundings.
Natural history of disease:
- Shows disease progression without intervention.
- Stage of susceptibility is prior to exposure to the disease-causing agent (host).
- Stages include exposure, pathologic changes, onset of symptoms, clinical disease, subclinical disease, recovery, disability, or death.
Chain of infection:
- Infectious agent: Pathogen capable of causing injury or disease.
- Reservoir: Where the infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies.
- Portal of exit: Path by which the agent leaves the host.
- Mode of transmission: Ways the agent spreads from a reservoir to a susceptible host.
- Portal of entry: Path by which the agent enters the susceptible host.
- Susceptible host: Individual who can become sick when exposed to an infectious agent.

Incidence

Incidence: Number of new cases during a specific time period.
- Only individuals at risk are included in the denominator.
- Example: Only women with a uterus are counted when calculating the incidence of uterine cancer.

Mortality Measures

Crude mortality rate: Total number of deaths divided by the total population during a certain time period.
Age-specific mortality rate: Mortality rate data specific to an age range or group.
Case fatality rate: The proportion of people with a disease who die from it.

Ethical Principle of Beneficence

Beneficence: Providing benefit or doing good while balancing potential harms.

False Negative Screenings

Implications of a false negative screening: Loss of opportunity for early intervention.

Unit 3 Evidence-Based Practice

Focuses on community involvement when implementing a community program.
- Involves community members' needs, values, and preferences.
- Emphasizes long-term, sustainable processes.

County Health Rankings

Public health data on health behaviors, social/economic factors in communities.
- Used to guide change.

Health People 2030 Goals

Overarching goals provide focused objectives for disease prevention.
- Eradicating health disparities, improving health equity, promoting healthy behaviors.

Needs Assessment

Needs assessment of a community: Starts with a thorough needs assessment of the community. Disseminating results to all residents.

Ethical Issues in Community-Engaged Research

Confidentiality of private records and need for education.

Organizational Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice

Decreased database access.
Lack of time.
High nurse workloads.
Limited access to evidence-based practice (EBP) resources.
Organizational cultures that don't support EBP.

Unit 3 Prevention of Diseases and Illnesses

Antibiotic resistance contributes to the STI problem.
Communicability/spreading of diseases: Ability of a virus to spread between individuals.
Different levels of prevention: Primary (prevent occurrence), Secondary (detect and treat early), and Tertiary (reduce disease severity).
Individual prevention: focuses on increasing awareness of modifiable risk factors.
Community prevention: focuses on community-wide changes to decrease exposure risks.

Prevention Methods for Communicable Diseases

Prevention methods include isolation and handwashing.

Risk Factors for Kidney Disease

Chronic illnesses like hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease are risk factors.
Obesity can also contribute to this risk.

Environmental Persistence

Persistence is an agent's ability to survive in the environment and retain its infectivity.
Virulence, as an ability to cause severe disease, may increase when antibiotic resistance is present.

Ways to Block Transmission at the Portal of Exit

Wash hands

Community Program Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation

A shared vision helps overcome collaboration barriers.
Characteristics of a community health worker are inclusive of any community member who has an impact on programs within the community (such as paid employees, volunteers, community leaders or members of the community).

Ethical Issues of Surveillance Systems

Review local/state laws about sharing data from national notifiable disease surveillance systems.

Secondary Data Collection in Community Assessments

Example: Census data, statistics, and rankings.

Ecological Model Levels

Individual, relationships, community, and societal; levels are used to assess a community

Built Environment Assessment Tool Core Features

Infrastructure, walkability, bikeability, recreational sites, and availability of food access points.

Simplex Method for Prioritization

Stakeholders complete questionnaires where higher scores indicate higher priorities.

Community Diagnosis

Analysis of data to create a community diagnosis, defining community issues, identifying resources, and prioritizing areas that need improvement.

Program Management

Involves stakeholders and community members to create a thorough program.

Characteristics of a Community Leader

Someone who influences community members with goals to improve the program that they're involved in.

Strategic Planning Framework

Follows five steps to create and implement a community program: Assessment, capacity, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Community Tool Kit

A step by step approach with various evaluation examples.

Evaluation of Programs

Evaluation of a program is done to measure performance by collecting data about the program and addressing predetermined goals.

Emergency Preparedness and Management

Disaster prevention involves assessing hazards, preventing disaster occurrence, and mitigating effects that may occur from a disaster if it does occur. This assessment looks at what resources are present and how many are needed with a disaster preparation plan.

Disaster Management Cycle

The third phase in a disaster management cycle is Disaster Response which consists of the actions that are performed during or immediately after a disaster event has occurred.

Disaster Nursing

This domain involves activities like providing care based on the priority given, providing resources to those who need them, and managing large amounts of deceased.

NGOs in Disasters

NGOs can offer help during and before a disaster.
- Examples include places of worship, private businesses, schools, health services.
- They provide necessities like food, water, shelter, and temporary housing.
- These organizations are often made up of volunteers.

National Preparedness Goal

This initiative aims for whole community readiness in case of a disaster and focuses on entire community preparedness for any type of disaster.

Disaster Events

Disaster events that occur in a community are tracked through a plan that has specific first response steps that can be used.
- Steps involve activating local government efforts, confirming if the state has enough resources, or requesting federal aid if necessary.

Disaster Preparedness Activities

Activities that occur in the disaster preparedness phase, such as developing personal/family disaster plans, identifying shelter locations and evacuation routes, stockpiling emergency supplies, and recognizing which people need assistance or have a risk of vulnerability.

Disaster Management Cycle Phases

Prevention/Mitigation: Identifies vulnerabilities and repairs/removes them.
Preparation: Creates plans and strategies to help during and after.
Response: Actions taken during and immediately afterward.

Core Competencies in Disaster Nursing

Interventions: Providing care to those most in need, isolating, and securing resources; and prioritizing those with most immediate threat to life and well-being are necessary actions.
Safety and Security: Identifying vulnerable populations, and using appropriate PPE.

Individual Learning Styles

Important because each person learns differently.

Educators may have low credibility, lack teaching experience, but these barriers can be overcome by doing research, preparing before education sessions, and admitting if don't know something, committing to finding the answer.

Cultural Care Theory

Provides information used to deliver culturally congruent care.

Psychomotor Domain of Learning

Covers using sensory-motor skills.

Low Health Literacy Issues

Clients with low health literacy may have difficulty with health forms, managing chronic conditions, seeking preventive care, giving current medical history, and understanding impacts of unhealthy behaviors.

Unit 4 Health Education

Affective Domain of Learning: Covers the learners' feelings, beliefs, and attitudes.
Transformative learning theory: Learners gain a new way of thinking with new information.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in Epidemiology Unit 3, including formative and summative evaluations, the differences between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic diseases, and the epidemiological triangle. Understand how these elements interconnect and their significance in public health programs.