Epidemiology Terms Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a dissociative anesthetic?

  • A substance that enhances cognitive function
  • A drug that alters sensory perception
  • A substance that promotes relaxation
  • A drug that inhibits the body's ability to perceive pain (correct)

    • What is a Cannabinoid?

  • A substance derived from tobacco plants
  • A medication used for anxiety relief
  • A compound that results in feeling euphoric and can impair memory (correct)
  • A stimulant drug that increases energy

    • What does the Harm Reduction Model focus on?

  • Reducing high-risk behavior while developing treatment plans (correct)
  • Promoting the use of legal substances only
  • Completely eliminating substance use
  • Controlling drug use through stringent laws

    • What defines a binge drinking episode for men?

    <p>Five or more drinks in a short period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder?

    <p>Physical, behavioral, and learning problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex is considered higher risk for harmful substance use?

    <p>Men, based on statistical rates of substance use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tolerance refer to in relation to drug use?

    <p>An increased resistance to the effects of a drug, requiring more for the same effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the safe limit for drug and alcohol use in pregnant women be viewed?

    <p>Complete abstinence is recommended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a behavioral risk factor for motor vehicle accidents?

    <p>Texting and driving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to impact motor vehicle accidents with the environment?

    <p>Making sure there are crosswalks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention can help prevent drowning?

    <p>Supervising children around water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a secondary intervention to prevent drowning?

    <p>Providing CPR training to families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for drowning?

    <p>Seizure disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common prevention method for falls in children?

    <p>Installing safety locks on windows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group accounts for most poisonings?

    <p>Children under 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key prevention method for avoiding poisonings?

    <p>Labeling medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group experiences significant problems associated with drinking?

    <p>The elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal substance is responsible for more than half of its user deaths?

    <p>Tobacco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group has seen a growing trend in tobacco use?

    <p>Adolescents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key community-level strategy for preventing opioid use and overdose?

    <p>Creating needle exchange programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a deterrent to receiving treatment for substance use?

    <p>Stigmatization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following populations reported a 13.8% rate of drug use in 2021?

    <p>Youth and young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the top three causes of unintentional injuries?

    <p>Poisoning, Falls, and Motor Vehicle accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method helps generate ideas about injury prevention in relation to the host, agent, and environment?

    <p>Haddon Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is achieved through the administration of antibodies from another person?

    <p>Artificial Passive Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?

    <p>Breastfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is included in primary prevention strategies?

    <p>Promoting healthy lifestyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following constitutes the three phases of epidemiology?

    <p>Sanitary Phase, Risk Factor Phase, Infectious Disease Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main emphasis of the Ecological Person, Place, and Time Model?

    <p>The multidimensional sources of health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is active surveillance in health monitoring?

    <p>Using health records for patients currently hospitalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a leading cause of death?

    <p>Heart Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is categorized as an environmental risk factor?

    <p>Air quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of prevalence in a population?

    <p>The number or proportion of cases present at a given time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes infectivity?

    <p>It is the ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study follows a group of people over a period to understand cause and effect?

    <p>Cohort study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes someone who can transmit a disease during its incubation period?

    <p>Incubatory carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a fomite?

    <p>An inanimate object that can transmit pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of reducing susceptibility in the chain of infection?

    <p>To disrupt the cycle of transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is classified as caused by bacteria?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a convalescent carrier play in disease transmission?

    <p>They have recovered but can still transmit the pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Epidemiology Terms

    • Prevalence is the number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at any given time.
    • Attack Rate is the percentage of people who become ill in a population after exposure, calculated by dividing the number of sick people by the number of exposed people.
    • Cohort Study follows a specific population or group of people over a specified period of time to connect the cause and effect of treatments and outcomes.
    • Infectivity refers to the ability of a pathogen to invade and multiply in the host.
    • Reservoir is where the agent resides, which can be humans or animals.
    • Incubatory Carriers are individuals who can transmit a disease during the incubation period.
    • Convalescent Carriers are individuals who have recovered from a disease but are still able to transmit it.
    • Fomite is an inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens.
    • Host refers to a human that is at risk of infection.
    • The Cycle of Transmission includes the agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.
    • Breaking the Chain of Infection can be achieved by reducing the susceptibility of the host through vaccinations, hand washing, and laws and regulations.

    Disease Categories

    • Reportable diseases include Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and HIV.
    • Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can cause diseases such as Bacterial Meningitis, Anthrax, Bubonic Plague, TB, and Streptococcal.
    • Viruses are tiny particles smaller than bacteria that must invade living cells to reproduce. Examples include HIV, the common cold, and influenza.

    Immunity

    • Artificial Passive Immunity results from the administration of antibodies from another animal against a dangerous pathogen. Examples include antivenom and administering antibodies from another person.
    • Passive Immunity can also be achieved through breastfeeding.
    • Active Immunity is achieved through exposure to an antigen or vaccination.

    Leading Causes of Death

    • The leading causes of death in the United States are heart disease, cancer, COVID-19, and accidents.

    Levels of Prevention

    • Primary prevention focuses on promoting healthy lifestyles and preventing diseases through immunizations, encouraging exercise, and healthy nutrition.
    • Secondary prevention involves detecting and treating diseases early.
    • Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease after it has developed.

    Epidemiological Model

    • The Ecological Model emphasizes person, place, and time.
    • Passive surveillance uses disease reporting's and hospital records of patients who are not currently hospitalized. It is simple and inexpensive but limited by incomplete reporting and variability of quality.
    • Active surveillance uses health records for patients currently in the hospital.
    • The Risk Factor Phase involves linking exposures to particular outcomes.
    • The Sanitary Phase links illness to foul emanations from water, food, and soil.
    • The Infectious Disease Phase focuses on understanding the transmission of infectious diseases.
    • The 3 Phases of Epidemiological are the Sanitary Phase, Risk Factor Phase, and Infectious Disease Phase.

    Risk Factors

    • Environmental risk factors include air, water, and soil.
    • The 3 Epidemiological Constants are person, place, and time.

    Causation

    • The Web of Causation is a schematic diagram that outlines how various agents work together to cause disease.

    Substance Abuse

    • Harmful substances and behaviors include alcohol, tobacco, and drugs.
    • Examples of psychoactive drugs include LSD, Ecstasy, PCP, and Cannabinoids like THC, Marijuana, Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabis, and Hashish.
    • Dissociative anesthetics inhibit the body's ability to perceive pain.
    • Cannabinoids can result in feelings of euphoria and distorted perceptions and memory impairment.
    • The Harm Reduction Model aims to reduce high-risk behaviors without completely focusing on abstinence.
    • Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is considered legally intoxicated at 0.08 grams percent or above.
    • Tolerance is the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, leading to users taking larger doses to experience the same effect. It can lead to physical dependence.
    • Withdrawal refers to the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
    • Binge Drinking involves the consumption of an excessive amount of alcohol in a short period of time (five or more drinks for men, four or more for women).
    • There is no safe limit for the use of drugs and alcohol for pregnant women.
    • Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) can cause physical, behavioral, and learning problems, along with significant changes in CNS structure.
    • Psychosocial issues associated with alcohol use include legal ramifications, employment problems, and family conflict.
    • Men are considered at higher risk for using harmful substances and engaging in risky behaviors.
    • SBI and SBIRT are used for screening for alcohol abuse and treatment measures.
    • The elderly are at a significant risk for problems associated with drinking due to balance issues and slower metabolism.
    • Tobacco is responsible for more than half of its user deaths.
    • Adolescents are the growing population that uses tobacco.
    • Community-level efforts to prevent opioid use and overdose include ensuring sufficient public funding for substance use prevention programs, initiating prevention programs in elementary schools, and creating needle exchange programs.
    • Stigmatization can deter individuals from seeking treatment for substance abuse.

    Injuries

    • The top 3 causes of unintentional injuries are poisoning, falls, and motor vehicle accidents.
    • The top 2 causes of intentional injuries are homicide and suicide.
    • Intentional injuries are at risk among the LGBTQ+ population, homeless individuals, migrants, prisoners, veterans, and refugees.
    • Interpersonal violence occurs between two people.
    • Family violence includes emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another.
    • Community violence involves violence that occurs between strangers or gangs.
    • Collective violence occurs when there is war between two nations or groups, and includes acts like rape, terrorism, and gang wars.
    • The four types of violence are neglect, psychological, physical, and sexual.
    • The Haddon Matrix is a method to generate ideas about injury prevention that addresses the host, agent, and environment. It considers their impact in the pre-event, event, and post-event phases of the injury process.

    Specific Injury Prevention Strategies

    • Types of Distracted Driving: Visual (taking eyes off the road), Manual (taking hands off the wheel), and Cognitive (taking mind off the road).
    • Behavioral Risk Factors of Motor Vehicle Accidents: Not wearing a seat belt, texting and driving, driving under the influence.
    • Environmental Impacts on Motor Vehicle Accidents: Ensuring crosswalks.
    • Primary Interventions for Drowning Prevention: Fencing, swimming lessons, and supervision.
    • Secondary Interventions for Drowning Prevention: Ensuring families know CPR.
    • Risk Factors for Drowning: Ages 1-4, ethnic groups, males, alcohol, lack of barriers and ability to swim, failure to wear life jackets, seizure disorder, and lack of supervision.
    • Prevention Methods for Falls: Safety locks on windows, gates and stairs, safety measures on playgrounds.
    • Age Group Most Affected by Poisonings: Children under 6.
    • Top 5 Poison Exposures: Cosmetics, personal care, household products, medications, and homeopathic medications.
    • Prevention Methods for Poisonings: Not sharing medications, labeling meds, proper disposal of meds, avoiding button batteries, and avoiding pesticides.
    • Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment: Younger than 4 years old, LGBTQ+, special needs that may increase caregiver burden.
    • Priority Action for Someone Experiencing Partner Violence: Creating a safety plan.
    • Prevention for Partner Violence: Community support groups, training for law enforcement and healthcare professionals, providing women with access to safety.
    • Prevention for Community Violence: Better employment opportunities, job fairs, conflict resolution programs.
    • Prevention for Collective Violence: Working toward peace and diplomacy, addressing root causes of conflict, and promoting human rights.

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    CH Exam 3.4 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of key epidemiology terms and concepts. This quiz covers definitions and examples of important terms such as prevalence, attack rate, and more. Perfect for students and professionals in the field of public health.

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