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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a primary role of D. William Farr in epidemiology?
Which of the following is a primary role of D. William Farr in epidemiology?
Subclinical disease is characterized by obvious symptoms.
Subclinical disease is characterized by obvious symptoms.
False
What are the probable outcomes associated with different levels of the disease?
What are the probable outcomes associated with different levels of the disease?
Recovery, disability, or death
D. William Farr is often referred to as the Father of Modern __________.
D. William Farr is often referred to as the Father of Modern __________.
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Match the terms related to disease behavior with their definitions:
Match the terms related to disease behavior with their definitions:
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What measures are important for evaluating a public health program?
What measures are important for evaluating a public health program?
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The term 'surveillance' in epidemiology is only related to infectious diseases.
The term 'surveillance' in epidemiology is only related to infectious diseases.
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What was John Snow's primary contribution to public health?
What was John Snow's primary contribution to public health?
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John Snow served as an anesthesiologist for Queen Victoria.
John Snow served as an anesthesiologist for Queen Victoria.
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What disease did John Snow study in the 1850s?
What disease did John Snow study in the 1850s?
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John Snow compared death rates from cholera to the locations where the sufferers got their ______.
John Snow compared death rates from cholera to the locations where the sufferers got their ______.
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Match the following historical figures with their contributions:
Match the following historical figures with their contributions:
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What was the death rate per 10,000 in Southwark and Vauxhall households?
What was the death rate per 10,000 in Southwark and Vauxhall households?
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Lambeth households had a death rate from cholera of 71 per 10,000.
Lambeth households had a death rate from cholera of 71 per 10,000.
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What hypothesis did John Snow prove regarding cholera?
What hypothesis did John Snow prove regarding cholera?
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Hippocrates introduced terms like ______ and endemic.
Hippocrates introduced terms like ______ and endemic.
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Which of the following best describes one of the roles of epidemiology?
Which of the following best describes one of the roles of epidemiology?
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Which of the following individuals is credited with identifying the symptoms of scurvy?
Which of the following individuals is credited with identifying the symptoms of scurvy?
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Epidemiology is primarily concerned with the study of genetic conditions.
Epidemiology is primarily concerned with the study of genetic conditions.
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What are the three basic epidemiological questions?
What are the three basic epidemiological questions?
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James Lind's book titled 'A Treatise on Scurvy' was published in the year ________.
James Lind's book titled 'A Treatise on Scurvy' was published in the year ________.
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Match the following epidemiological terms with their definitions:
Match the following epidemiological terms with their definitions:
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What is one of the main aims of descriptive epidemiology?
What is one of the main aims of descriptive epidemiology?
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William Farr was a prominent figure in the development of statistical methods in epidemiology.
William Farr was a prominent figure in the development of statistical methods in epidemiology.
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Name one use of epidemiology in public health policy.
Name one use of epidemiology in public health policy.
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What is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states called?
What is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states called?
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John Snow was an important figure in the development of epidemiology.
John Snow was an important figure in the development of epidemiology.
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Name one classical symptom of scurvy.
Name one classical symptom of scurvy.
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The Greek word 'demos' means _____ in relation to epidemiology.
The Greek word 'demos' means _____ in relation to epidemiology.
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Match the dietary interventions with their descriptions.
Match the dietary interventions with their descriptions.
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What do epidemiologic investigations involve?
What do epidemiologic investigations involve?
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Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin A.
Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin A.
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Why is knowledge of disease distribution important in epidemiology?
Why is knowledge of disease distribution important in epidemiology?
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Epidemiology combines biological principles with _____ techniques for describing data.
Epidemiology combines biological principles with _____ techniques for describing data.
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Which of the following is NOT a dietary intervention tested in patients with scurvy?
Which of the following is NOT a dietary intervention tested in patients with scurvy?
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What was the main contribution of John Graunt in public health?
What was the main contribution of John Graunt in public health?
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John Graunt's 'bills of mortality' were created to evaluate intervention-related health outcomes.
John Graunt's 'bills of mortality' were created to evaluate intervention-related health outcomes.
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What information did the systematic recording of deaths include?
What information did the systematic recording of deaths include?
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The primary purpose of epidemiology includes _____ who is at greatest risk for a public health problem.
The primary purpose of epidemiology includes _____ who is at greatest risk for a public health problem.
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Match the following aspects of epidemiology with their functions:
Match the following aspects of epidemiology with their functions:
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Which of the following is not a function of epidemiology in public health?
Which of the following is not a function of epidemiology in public health?
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John Graunt systematically recorded the details of deaths but did not monitor potential exposures over time.
John Graunt systematically recorded the details of deaths but did not monitor potential exposures over time.
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What is one primary agent that epidemiology aims to identify?
What is one primary agent that epidemiology aims to identify?
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Epidemiology helps to _____ potential exposures over time.
Epidemiology helps to _____ potential exposures over time.
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Which statement about public health problems is correct?
Which statement about public health problems is correct?
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Study Notes
Epidemiology Introduction
- Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in human populations.
- It applies this study to the prevention and control of health problems.
- The word "epi" means "on, upon, or befall", "demos" means "the people", and "logos" means "the study of".
Historic Developments
- Hippocrates (460-377 BC): Observed how diseases affected populations and the spread of disease. Introduced concepts like "epidemic" and "endemic".
- James Lind (1716-1794): Conducted a clinical trial to identify the cause of scurvy in sailors. He found citrus fruits were effective.
- John Snow (1813-1858): Father of modern epidemiology. Observed and recorded cholera cases in London, linking the disease to contaminated water.
- William Farr (1807-1883): Father of modern vital statistics and surveillance. Developed an international classification of diseases.
- John Graunt (1620-1674): Systematically recorded deaths, ages, and causes of death, leading to public health records.
Concepts and Categories
- Descriptive Epidemiology: Studies the amount and frequency of disease in populations, distributions of issues.
- Analytic Epidemiology: Determines the cause or determinants of disease in populations.
Uses in Public Health
- Assessment: Identifies risk, location, and timing of health problems.
- Evaluation: Measures effectiveness of public health programs, and considers feasibility and cost.
- Cause: Identifies primary causes (agents), modes of transmission, and clinical/pathological features.
Disease Behavior in the Community
- Epidemic: A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above expected levels in a population.
- Outbreak: A sudden increase in cases of a disease, typically confined to a limited area geographically.
- Endemic: A disease that is commonly present in a specific geographic region or population.
- Pandemic: An epidemic that has spread across a large geographic area or multiple countries.
Triangle of Epidemiology
- Traditional Triangle: Consists of the host, agent, and environment. The host is impacted in terms of exposure, susceptibility, and response. The environment impacts opportunities for exposure. The agent is the cause.
- Advanced Triangle: Adds a group or population to the traditional model, that's further identified in age, gender, ethnicity, religion, customs, occupation, heredity, marital status, family background, previous diseases.. The group is impacted by biological, chemical, and physical factors.
Disease Transmission Concepts
- Direct Transmission: Direct transfer of an infectious agent from one person to another (e.g., sexual contact).
- Indirect Transmission: Transmission of an infectious agent through an intermediate item, organism, means, or process (e.g., waterborne, airborne).
- Fomite: An inanimate object that can carry an infectious agent.
- Vector: An invertebrate animal that transmits an infectious agent (e.g., mosquito).
Case concepts
- Case Definition: A standard set of criteria used consistently to identify and diagnose disease cases.
- Primary Case: The first case of a disease in a population.
- Index Case: The first case brought to the attention of an epidemiologist.
Other concepts
- Zoonosis: An infectious disease transmitted from animals to humans.
- Reservoir: The habitat where an infectious agent lives, multiplies, and depends on for survival.
- Carrier: A person who harbors an infectious agent without showing signs of disease but can transmit it to others.
- Epidemic, endemic, sporadic: Epidemic is a sudden increase of disease, endemic is habitual or constant presence, sporadic is intermittent occurrence of disease.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of epidemiology and its historical developments. Learn about key figures like Hippocrates, John Snow, and their contributions to the field. Delve into the significance of epidemiology in understanding health-related events in populations.
