Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases Quiz
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What does the term 'pathogenicity' refer to in infectious disease agents?

  • The capacity to enter and multiply in a susceptible host
  • The ability to induce antibody production
  • The ability to survive adverse environmental conditions
  • The capacity to cause disease in the infected host (correct)

    • Which of the following factors is primarily considered an intrinsic factor affecting a host's susceptibility?

  • Genetic composition (correct)
  • Environmental sanitation
  • Availability of health services
  • Climate conditions

    • What is the meaning of 'virulence' in the context of infectious diseases?

  • The potential for the agent to survive in the environment
  • The capacity of an agent to produce toxin
  • The ability of an agent to withstand treatment
  • The severity of the disease caused by the agent (correct)

    • Which characteristic of infectious agents describes their ability to produce toxins?

    <p>Toxigenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'environment' in the context of infectious diseases?

    <p>Extrinsic factors that influence the agent and exposure opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the crowding index measure?

    <p>The ease of communicable disease transmission based on living conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a specific rate?

    <p>Birth Rate among single mothers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vital statistics?

    <p>To systematically study vital events like births and deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of population density, what does a high density indicate?

    <p>More crowded living conditions with potential service inadequacies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of vital statistics?

    <p>Assessing individual mental health conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of public health surveillance?

    <p>To collect and analyze health data for public health programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes analytic studies from other forms of epidemiological research?

    <p>Inclusion of a comparison group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles do epidemiologists typically fulfill during a field investigation?

    <p>Leading or participating in a multidisciplinary team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a public health program does effectiveness directly assess?

    <p>The program's ability to produce intended results in the real world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a core function of epidemiology?

    <p>Social Marketing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does efficiency in a public health program relate to its operation?

    <p>It emphasizes maximum output with minimal resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of public health surveillance?

    <p>It involves real-time data collection and dissemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function ensures that public health policy development is informed by data?

    <p>Public Health Surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does demography primarily study?

    <p>Population sizes, composition and distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'household' refer to?

    <p>A person or group of related or unrelated persons in the same dwelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of population measurement compares the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR)?

    <p>Methods of measuring population changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Natural Increase (NI) in a population?

    <p>NI = Births - Deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If there were 4567 births in a population of 125,447, what is the Crude Birth Rate (CBR)?

    <p>36.4 per 1000 population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has the highest Crude Birth Rate based on the provided data?

    <p>Somalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of 'de jure' in the context of census assignment?

    <p>People are assigned to the place they usually live</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Crude Death Rate (CDR) of the Philippines based on the information provided?

    <p>6.41 per 1000 population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a reason for an increase in reported cases that does not indicate an outbreak?

    <p>Improvement in diagnostic procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT part of the epidemiological investigation plan?

    <p>Randomly assign treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Crude Death Rate (CDR) for the municipality of Balo-i, Lanao Del Norte?

    <p>29.3 per 1000 population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) calculated?

    <p>RNI = CBR - CDR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Epidemiological Triad model consist of?

    <p>Host, Agent, and Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RNI for Leyte if the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is 1.0 and the Crude Death Rate (CDR) is -1.0?

    <p>2.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence how cases of disease are related to a community?

    <p>Common leisure activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the outbreak investigation process?

    <p>Prepare for field work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an RNI value of -11.8 for Biliran indicate?

    <p>More deaths than births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not considered a component of a working case definition in epidemiology?

    <p>Treatment outcomes of all cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the sex ratio?

    <p>Females / Males * 1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause for increased case reports aside from an actual outbreak?

    <p>Increased awareness among healthcare providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If there are 1,996,355 males and 1,930,234 females, what is the calculated sex ratio?

    <p>967 Females per 1000 Males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one role of the environment in the Epidemiological Triad?

    <p>It encompasses all external factors affecting disease spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic indicator measures the proportion of dependents to the working-age population?

    <p>Dependency Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age-related measure divides a population into two equal halves?

    <p>Median Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Health Statistics and Epidemiology

    • This presentation covers health statistics and epidemiology.
    • The presenter is Ma. Veronica C. Legaspi, RN, MPH.

    Demography

    • Demography is the study of population size, composition, and distribution in space.
    • Population refers to the number of people in a given place or area, during a specific time.
    • Household is a person or group of related or unrelated persons who live together in the same dwelling unit, share the same housekeeping arrangements and who are considered a single unit.
    • The head of the household is usually an adult male or female.
    • Sources of demographic information:
      • Census: An official and periodic enumeration of the population. It can be De Jure or De Facto.
      • Sample surveys
      • Registration

    Population Size

    • Information on population changes is important for prioritizing and strategizing health programs and interventions for the community.
    • Population size is also helpful for assessing possible health factors.

    Measuring Population Changes

    • Two methods are used to measure population changes:
      • Comparing the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR)
      • Comparison by Census

    Birth Rate

    • The average number of live births in a year for every 1000 people in a total population.
      • Philippines: 22.28
      • Japan: 6.95
      • United States: 12.28
      • Canada: 10.17
      • Somalia: 37.98

    Death Rate

    • The average number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people in a total population.
      • Philippines: 6.41
      • Japan: 11.59
      • United States: 8.38
      • Canada: 8.12
      • Somalia: 11.62

    Natural Increase

    • The difference between the number of births and deaths occurring in a population in a specific period of time. -NI = Births – Deaths (Specified Year)

    Crude Birth Rate

    • A measure of one characteristic of the natural growth or increase of population.
    • Example calculations (using Kidapawan City, North Cotabato data):
      • Number of births: 4567
      • Total population: 125,447
      • CBR: 36.4 per 1000 population

    Crude Death Rate

    • A measure of one characteristic of mortality from all causes which may result in a decrease of population
      • Example calculations (using Balo-i, Lanao Del Norte data):
        • Number of deaths: 5634
        • Total population: 192,310
        • CDR: 29.3 per 1000 population

    Rate of Natural Increase

    • The difference between the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR) in a specific period of time
      • NRI = CBR – CDR

    Demographic Indicators

    • Population statistics
      • Sex ratio
      • Dependency ratio
      • Density.
    • Population size
      • Vital Statistics
        • Birth Rate (BR)
        • Death Rate (DR)

    Population Composition

    • Sex Composition
    • Age Composition
    • Age and Sex Composition

    Sex Ratio

    • The number of females per 1000 males in the population.
    • Calculation: (Number of Females / Number of Males) x 1000
    • Example calculation using Philippines data:
      • Males: 1,996,355
      • Females: 1,930,234
    • Result: 967 females per 1000 males

    Age Composition

    • Median: The age in the middle of a ranked list when the ages are arranged from smallest to largest.
    • Example ages: 8, 9, 10, 10, 12, 13, 65. Median = 10

    Age and Sex Composition

    • Charts visualize Philippines age and sex composition in 2018 (pyramid type)

    Population Distribution

    • Urban Rural Distribution - proportion of people living in urban or rural areas.
    • Crowding Index - describes how easy a communicable disease is to transmit from one host to another.
    • Population Density - how congested a place is and implies the adequacy of basic health services

    Vital Health Statistics

    • Systematic study of vital events such as births, illness, marriages, divorces/separations, and deaths.

    Nurse Function

    • Collects data
    • Tabulates data
    • Analyses & interprets data
    • Evaluates data
    • Recommends redirection and/or strengthening of specific areas of health programs

    Rates and Ratios

    • RATE: Relationship between a vital event and those exposed in a given area and specific time period.
    • RATIO: Describes the relationship between two numerical quantities or measures of events.
    • CRUDE/GENERAL RATES: Relates to the total living population.
    • SPECIFIC RATES: Relates to a specific population class or group.

    Uses of Vital Statistics

    • Planning human development
    • Dynamics of reproduction
    • Life-tables
    • Risks of dying
    • Population growth dynamics
    • Population projections
    • Monitoring & evaluating interventions
    • Provision of services for vulnerable populations (single mothers & children),
    • Regional & urban/rural comparisons,
    • Allocation of resources (e.g., health care, education, social security).

    Vital Statistics Calculations

    • Crude Birth Rate (CBR):
      • CBR = (Number of live births in a year / Estimated mid-year population) × 1000
    • Crude Death Rate (CDR):
      • CDR = (Number of deaths in a year / Estimated mid-year population) × 1000
    • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):
      • IMR = (Number of deaths of infants under one year of age / Total live births) × 1000
    • Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR):
      • MMR = (Number of maternal deaths from pregnancy-related causes / Number of live births) × 1000
    • Fetal Death Rate (FDR):
      • FDR = (Number of fetal deaths / Total live births) × 1000
    • Neonatal Death Rate (NDR):
      • NDR = (Number of neonatal deaths / Total live births) × 1000
    • Attack Rate (AR):
      • AR = (Number of persons acquiring the disease / Number of persons exposed to the same disease in the same year) × 100

    Attack Rate Examples

    - Calculations for different scenarios are shown in a table of cases of illness and non-illness grouped by food eaten.

    Case Fatality Rate (CFR)

    • Killing power of a disease
    • CFR = (Number of registered deaths from a specific disease in a given year / Number of registered cases from a specific disease in the same year) × 100

    Incidence and Prevalence

    • INCIDENCE RATE - Frequency of occurrence during a given period of time. It only deals with new cases.
      • IR = (Number of new cases of a particular disease registered during a specific period of time / Population at risk of developing the disease) × 100
    • PREVALENCE RATE - Proportion of a population that exhibits a particular disease at a particular time. It deals with new and old cases.
      • PR = (Number of new and old cases of a certain disease registered at a given time / Number of persons examined at the same time) × 100

    Introduction to Basic Epidemiology

    • Definition of Epidemiology
    • Definition of Field Epidemiology
    • Core Epidemiology functions
      • Public Health Surveillance
      • Field Investigation
      • Analytic Studies
      • Evaluation
      • Linkages
      • Policy Development

    Descriptive Epidemiology

    • Characterizes the occurrence of disease as time, place, and person while looking at risk factors which influences the disease/situation.

    The W's of Descriptive Epidemiology

    • What: Health issue of concern
    • Who: Person
    • Where: Place
    • When: Time

    Epidemic Curve

    • Analyzing disease occurrence from different points of view. Example chart of Cholera in Philippines from March 10th to June 28th, 2012.

    Epidemiological Triad

    • Describes the causation of a disease using an agent, host, and environment triangle.

    Infectious Disease Agents

    • Infectious microbe: Can be bacteria, viruses, mycoses (fungi), protozoa, and helminths.
    • Characteristics of infectious disease agents
      • Infectivity
      • Pathogenicity
      • Virulence
      • Toxigenicity
      • Resistance
      • Antigenicity

    Host

    • The human who can get the disease. Host factors include age, race, sex, socioeconomic status, behaviors (smoking, drug use, lifestyle), genetic composition, nutritional and immunologic status, anatomic structure, presence of disease, and medications.

    Environment

    • Extrinsic factors: geology, climate, biological factors (e.g., insects), socioeconomic factors (e.g., crowding, sanitation), and availability of health services. It refers to factors outside the host that impact the agent of infection.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in epidemiology and infectious diseases with this quiz. Questions cover pathogenicity, virulence, intrinsic factors affecting host susceptibility, and the role of vital statistics in public health. Perfect for students and professionals looking to refresh their understanding of infectious disease dynamics.

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