Week 1
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Questions and Answers

Who is referred to as the 'Father of Epidemiology'?

  • John Snow (correct)
  • Robert Koch
  • Edward Jenner
  • William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

    • Which of the following fields of epidemiology focuses on environmental and behavioral factors?

  • Clinical
  • Exposure-based (correct)
  • Molecular
  • Disease-based

    • What significant contribution did W.E.B. Du Bois make to the field of epidemiology?

  • Critiqued the concept of inherent racial health disparities (correct)
  • Pioneered clinical trials in epidemiology
  • Developed a vaccine for cholera
  • Founded major professional societies for epidemiologists

    • What was the cholera death rate per 10,000 houses for the Southwark & Vauxhall water supplier?

    <p>$315</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following societies is NOT mentioned as a professional society in the field of epidemiology?

    <p>Society for Public Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of prevention focuses on preventing disease before it happens?

    <p>Primary Prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of secondary prevention?

    <p>Catch diseases at an early, asymptomatic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an example of tertiary prevention?

    <p>Dietary changes for diabetes management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primary prevention?

    <p>Requires asymptomatic screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Epidemiologic Triad?

    <p>Understand the relationship between host, environment, and disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wearing a mask to prevent respiratory infections is an example of what type of prevention?

    <p>Primary Prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common downside of secondary prevention methods such as screening?

    <p>They can lead to over-treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is effective for primary prevention of diseases?

    <p>Vaccination against infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the learning objectives in this course?

    <p>Learning the structure and design of epidemiologic studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight of the final exam in the overall assessment?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bias is specifically mentioned as a concern in epidemiologic studies?

    <p>Selection bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the professor of the course?

    <p>Kimberly C. Brouwer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total assessment is allocated to class participation?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized as a major public health domain in the course?

    <p>Major public health domains of epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of submission for assignments in this course?

    <p>Via Gradescope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to receive full participation points in this course?

    <p>Participate in at least 90% of mini-quizzes/evaluations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected when submitting homework in this course?

    <p>Turn it in before lab starts via Gradescope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to keep everyone safe?

    <p>Share your zoom details with peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does epidemiology primarily study?

    <p>The distribution and determinants of health-related states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is prevention a key focus in epidemiology?

    <p>To determine modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way data can inform prevention and control?

    <p>Implementing dietary guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is encouraged regarding behavior during online classes?

    <p>Mute yourself unless asking a question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a population in the context of epidemiology?

    <p>People grouped by a common characteristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a disease refers to its ability to provoke an immune response?

    <p>Immunogenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the sustained presence of a disease within a specific geographic area?

    <p>Endemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as the 'Father of Demography' for his significant contributions to mortality data analysis?

    <p>John Graunt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was James Lind's approach to understanding scurvy among sailors?

    <p>Conducting a dietary intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Fracastoro theorize that infections were spread?

    <p>By self-replicating seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would an R value greater than 1 indicate in the context of disease transmission?

    <p>Disease is spreading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant contribution did Quinto Tiberio Angelerio make in the 16th century?

    <p>New measures for controlling plague</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates virulence from pathogenicity in a disease context?

    <p>Virulence refers to the severity of disease, while pathogenicity indicates the ability to cause disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Epidemiology

    • The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in human populations, and the application of this study to prevent and control health problems
    • Population-based, relatively inexpensive, and non-invasive
    • Epidemiology helps identify subpopulations with a high risk of disease

    Prevention

    • Primary prevention: Preventing disease before it happens
      • Healthy individuals
      • Aims to prevent exposure to risk factors (e.g., tobacco, pesticides)
      • Promotes immunization against diseases
      • Encourages healthy behaviors
    • Secondary prevention: Catching disease at an early, asymptomatic stage
      • Requires knowledge of the natural history of the disease
      • Uses screening methods (e.g., colonoscopy, PAP Smear)
      • Early treatment is more effective in secondary prevention
      • Helps stem disease transmission
    • Tertiary prevention: Prevention of health deterioration in those already diagnosed with a disease
      • Requires clinical data and patient involvement
      • May involve pharmacological, behavioral, or other interventions

    Epidemiologic Triad

    • A model used to understand the interactions between the host, agent, and environment that contribute to disease
    • Host factors: Age, sex, genotype, behavior, nutritional status, health status
    • Agent factors: Infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, immunogenicity, stability
    • Environment factors: Weather, housing, geography, occupation, air quality, food, and social environment

    Key Epidemiologists

    • John Graunt (1662): Considered the "Father of Demography"
      • Published "Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality"
      • Developed early statistical/census methods
    • James Lind (1716-1794): Observed and wrote about scurvy among sailors
      • Initially attributed scurvy to dampness
      • Conducted a dietary intervention study and found that citrus fruits were effective in preventing scurvy
    • John Snow (1854): Considered the "Father of Epidemiology"
      • Investigated the cholera epidemic in London
      • Used mapping and data analysis to identify the contaminated water source
    • W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963): A prominent black sociologist
      • Contributed to the development of social epidemiology
      • Countered eugenics and the related claims of racial inferiority

    Modern Epidemiology

    • Environmental, nutritional, tobacco, pharmacologic, behavioral, and social epidemiology
    • Cancer, cardiovascular, perinatal, neurology epidemiology
    • Clinical, molecular, and genetic epidemiology
    • Used for public policy, legal cases, and social norms
    • Professional societies: Society for Epidemiologic Research, American College of Epidemiology, International Epidemiological Association, International Society for Environmental Epidemiology, APHA, AACR, etc.

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    Related Documents

    Introduction to Epidemiology Lecture 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key concepts of epidemiology and the three levels of disease prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. This quiz covers the distribution of health determinants and effective strategies for controlling health problems in populations. Enhance your understanding of public health fundamentals and their application in improving community health.

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