Physiology LE 1: Cell Signaling
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?

  • Important in immune response
  • Involved in cell growth and differentiation
  • Important in the fluid and sodium balance in the body (correct)
  • Used to treat angina pectoris

    • What is the effect of Nitric Oxide (NO) on blood vessels?

  • Vasoconstriction
  • Decreased heart rate
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Vasodilation (correct)

    • What is the function of the guanylyl cyclase domain in receptor guanylyl cyclases?

  • Ligand binding to the extracellular domain
  • Dimerization of the receptor
  • Conversion of GTP to cGMP (correct)
  • Phosphorylation of effector proteins

    • What is the role of the Type II subunit in receptor serine/threonine kinases?

    <p>Phosphorylation of the Type I subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the activation of the serine/threonine kinase in receptor serine/threonine kinases?

    <p>Phosphorylation of effector proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β)?

    <p>Important in immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general structure of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?

    <p>Dimers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the secondary messenger produced in receptor guanylyl cyclases?

    <p>cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of receptor tyrosine phosphatases?

    <p>Dephosphorylate tyrosine residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a receptor tyrosine phosphatase?

    <p>CD45 protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of dephosphorylation on a signaling molecule?

    <p>Can either activate or deactivate the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nuclear receptor pathways?

    <p>Act directly on DNA to regulate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of PKA on gene transcription?

    <p>Activates gene transcription through CREB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of IGF1R signaling pathway in cancer development?

    <p>Cell survival, growth, and proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The receptor tyrosine kinase signaling leads to what?

    <p>Activation of Ras and MAP kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with the JAK-STAT pathway?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a ligand binds to IGF1R?

    <p>Activation of PI3K-Akt Signaling Cascade and MAPK Signaling Cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Ras in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling?

    <p>Activates MAP kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between the activation of IGF1R signaling pathway and chemotherapy?

    <p>Resistance to chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of overexpression of IGF 1, 2, and IGF1R on cancer development?

    <p>Increases the severity of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PI3K-Akt Signaling Cascade in cell survival?

    <p>Prevents apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MAPK Signaling Cascade in cell growth?

    <p>Promotes cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between the presence of IGF1R ligands and cancer development?

    <p>Direct correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of genetic alterations in IGF1R ligands on cancer prognosis?

    <p>Worsens survival rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is MasR?

    <p>GPCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IL-6 binds to which type of receptor?

    <p>Enzyme-linked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is part of the mechanism of action of AT1R?

    <p>Increase Ca2+ and activate PKC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzyme-linked receptor does IL-6 bind to?

    <p>Receptor tyrosine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about cell signaling?

    <p>Different signaling pathways may interact with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of cell signaling?

    <p>Different signaling pathways do not interact with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is associated with altering gene expression?

    <p>Nuclear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the alteration of gene expression?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the adenylyl cyclase conversion of ATP?

    <p>cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of protein kinase A (PKA)?

    <p>To regulate effector proteins through phosphorylation or gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phospholipase C?

    <p>To convert PIP2 to IP3 and DAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of IP3 on the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>It activates Ca2+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phospholipase A2?

    <p>To release arachidonic acid from the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)?

    <p>It has tyrosine kinase domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a ligand binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)?

    <p>It undergoes dimerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of receptor tyrosine phosphatase?

    <p>It dephosphorylates tyrosine residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Ras?

    <p>It activates the MAP pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of G protein?

    <p>It activates adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C</p> Signup and view all the answers

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