42 Questions
What is the function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?
Important in the fluid and sodium balance in the body
What is the effect of Nitric Oxide (NO) on blood vessels?
Vasodilation
What is the function of the guanylyl cyclase domain in receptor guanylyl cyclases?
Conversion of GTP to cGMP
What is the role of the Type II subunit in receptor serine/threonine kinases?
Phosphorylation of the Type I subunit
What is the result of the activation of the serine/threonine kinase in receptor serine/threonine kinases?
Phosphorylation of effector proteins
What is the function of Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β)?
Important in immune response
What is the general structure of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
Dimers
What is the secondary messenger produced in receptor guanylyl cyclases?
cGMP
What is the function of receptor tyrosine phosphatases?
Dephosphorylate tyrosine residues
What is an example of a receptor tyrosine phosphatase?
CD45 protein
What is the effect of dephosphorylation on a signaling molecule?
Can either activate or deactivate the molecule
What is the function of nuclear receptor pathways?
Act directly on DNA to regulate gene expression
What is the effect of PKA on gene transcription?
Activates gene transcription through CREB
What is the primary role of IGF1R signaling pathway in cancer development?
Cell survival, growth, and proliferation
The receptor tyrosine kinase signaling leads to what?
Activation of Ras and MAP kinase
What is associated with the JAK-STAT pathway?
Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
What happens when a ligand binds to IGF1R?
Activation of PI3K-Akt Signaling Cascade and MAPK Signaling Cascade
What is the function of Ras in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling?
Activates MAP kinase
What is the correlation between the activation of IGF1R signaling pathway and chemotherapy?
Resistance to chemotherapy
What is the effect of overexpression of IGF 1, 2, and IGF1R on cancer development?
Increases the severity of cancer
What is the role of PI3K-Akt Signaling Cascade in cell survival?
Prevents apoptosis
What is the role of MAPK Signaling Cascade in cell growth?
Promotes cell proliferation
What is the correlation between the presence of IGF1R ligands and cancer development?
Direct correlation
What is the effect of genetic alterations in IGF1R ligands on cancer prognosis?
Worsens survival rates
What type of receptor is MasR?
GPCR
IL-6 binds to which type of receptor?
Enzyme-linked
What is part of the mechanism of action of AT1R?
Increase Ca2+ and activate PKC
What type of enzyme-linked receptor does IL-6 bind to?
Receptor tyrosine kinase
What is true about cell signaling?
Different signaling pathways may interact with each other
What is NOT a characteristic of cell signaling?
Different signaling pathways do not interact with each other
What type of receptor is associated with altering gene expression?
Nuclear
What is the term for the alteration of gene expression?
Transduction
What is the product of the adenylyl cyclase conversion of ATP?
cAMP
What is the function of protein kinase A (PKA)?
To regulate effector proteins through phosphorylation or gene transcription
What is the function of phospholipase C?
To convert PIP2 to IP3 and DAG
What is the effect of IP3 on the endoplasmic reticulum?
It activates Ca2+ channels
What is the function of phospholipase A2?
To release arachidonic acid from the membrane
What is the characteristic of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)?
It has tyrosine kinase domains
What happens when a ligand binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)?
It undergoes dimerization
What is the function of receptor tyrosine phosphatase?
It dephosphorylates tyrosine residues
What is the function of Ras?
It activates the MAP pathway
What is the function of G protein?
It activates adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C
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