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Questions and Answers
Which class of enzymes transfers functional groups between molecules?
Which class of enzymes transfers functional groups between molecules?
What effect does increasing the substrate concentration have on the reaction velocity?
What effect does increasing the substrate concentration have on the reaction velocity?
What does a low Km value indicate about an enzyme's affinity for its substrate?
What does a low Km value indicate about an enzyme's affinity for its substrate?
At what temperature range do most enzymes become denatured?
At what temperature range do most enzymes become denatured?
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What is the optimal pH for an enzyme?
What is the optimal pH for an enzyme?
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Which class of enzyme catalyzes reactions involving the addition or removal of water, ammonia, or carbon dioxide?
Which class of enzyme catalyzes reactions involving the addition or removal of water, ammonia, or carbon dioxide?
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What happens to enzyme activity when the pH is above or below the optimal level?
What happens to enzyme activity when the pH is above or below the optimal level?
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How is enzyme activity primarily measured?
How is enzyme activity primarily measured?
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Study Notes
Enzyme Classification
- Enzymes are categorized into six major classes
- Oxidoreductases: Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions. Examples include dehydrogenases and oxidases.
- Transferases: Transfer functional groups (e.g., amino or phosphate) between donors and acceptors. Examples include aminotransferases and kinases.
- Hydrolases: Transfer water to catalyze hydrolysis of substrates. Examples include proteases and phosphatases.
- Lyases: Add or remove water, ammonia, or carbon dioxide from/to double bonds. Examples include decarboxylases and synthases.
- Isomerases: Catalyze changes within a molecule. Examples include mutases.
- Ligases: Join molecules together, using energy from ATP. Examples include synthetases and carboxylases.
Enzyme Activity Factors
- Substrate Concentration: Increasing substrate concentration initially increases reaction velocity, but eventually reaches a maximum velocity (Vmax) where further increases in substrate don't impact velocity.
- Enzyme Concentration: Increasing enzyme concentration increases reaction velocity.
- pH: Each enzyme has an optimal pH at which its activity is highest. Deviations from this optimal pH decrease activity.
- Temperature: Enzymatic activity increases with temperature to a point, then decreases as enzymes become denatured. Most enzymes are denatured at around 55-60°C.
Measuring Enzyme Activity
- Measured by decrease in substrate concentration, or an increase in product concentration.
Reaction Velocity
- Reaction velocity is the amount of substrate converted to product per unit time.
- Increasing substrate concentration initially increases reaction velocity, but eventually reaches a maximum velocity (Vmax), where further increases in substrate don't impact velocity.
Michaelis-Menten Constant (Km)
- Km is the substrate concentration at half maximum velocity.
- It reflects enzyme affinity for substrate.
- Low Km values indicate high affinity, while high Km values indicate low affinity.
Effect of Enzyme Concentration
- Increasing enzyme concentration increases reaction velocity.
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Description
Explore the six major classes of enzymes including oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. Discover how substrate concentration affects enzyme activity and the concept of maximum velocity (Vmax). Test your knowledge on enzymatic functions and their classifications.
