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Questions and Answers
Which class of enzymes transfers functional groups between molecules?
Which class of enzymes transfers functional groups between molecules?
- Lyases
- Transferases (correct)
- Hydrolases
- Oxidoreductases
What effect does increasing the substrate concentration have on the reaction velocity?
What effect does increasing the substrate concentration have on the reaction velocity?
- It increases the velocity until Vmax. (correct)
- It has no effect on the reaction velocity.
- It lowers the enzyme's affinity for the substrate.
- It decreases the velocity up to a point.
What does a low Km value indicate about an enzyme's affinity for its substrate?
What does a low Km value indicate about an enzyme's affinity for its substrate?
- Low affinity for the substrate
- High affinity for the substrate (correct)
- No correlation to substrate affinity
- Enzyme is less effective
At what temperature range do most enzymes become denatured?
At what temperature range do most enzymes become denatured?
What is the optimal pH for an enzyme?
What is the optimal pH for an enzyme?
Which class of enzyme catalyzes reactions involving the addition or removal of water, ammonia, or carbon dioxide?
Which class of enzyme catalyzes reactions involving the addition or removal of water, ammonia, or carbon dioxide?
What happens to enzyme activity when the pH is above or below the optimal level?
What happens to enzyme activity when the pH is above or below the optimal level?
How is enzyme activity primarily measured?
How is enzyme activity primarily measured?
Flashcards
What are Oxidoreductases?
What are Oxidoreductases?
Enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, where electrons are transferred between molecules. Examples include dehydrogenases and oxidases.
What do Transferases do?
What do Transferases do?
These enzymes move functional groups like amino or phosphate groups between molecules. Examples include aminotransferases and kinases.
How do Hydrolases work?
How do Hydrolases work?
Hydrolases use water to break down substrates through hydrolysis. Proteases (degrade proteins) and phosphatases (remove phosphate groups) are good examples.
What is the role of Lyases?
What is the role of Lyases?
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Explain Isomerases.
Explain Isomerases.
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What do Ligases do?
What do Ligases do?
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What is Km and what does it tell us?
What is Km and what does it tell us?
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How does enzyme concentration affect reaction velocity?
How does enzyme concentration affect reaction velocity?
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Study Notes
Enzyme Classification
- Enzymes are categorized into six major classes
- Oxidoreductases: Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions. Examples include dehydrogenases and oxidases.
- Transferases: Transfer functional groups (e.g., amino or phosphate) between donors and acceptors. Examples include aminotransferases and kinases.
- Hydrolases: Transfer water to catalyze hydrolysis of substrates. Examples include proteases and phosphatases.
- Lyases: Add or remove water, ammonia, or carbon dioxide from/to double bonds. Examples include decarboxylases and synthases.
- Isomerases: Catalyze changes within a molecule. Examples include mutases.
- Ligases: Join molecules together, using energy from ATP. Examples include synthetases and carboxylases.
Enzyme Activity Factors
- Substrate Concentration: Increasing substrate concentration initially increases reaction velocity, but eventually reaches a maximum velocity (Vmax) where further increases in substrate don't impact velocity.
- Enzyme Concentration: Increasing enzyme concentration increases reaction velocity.
- pH: Each enzyme has an optimal pH at which its activity is highest. Deviations from this optimal pH decrease activity.
- Temperature: Enzymatic activity increases with temperature to a point, then decreases as enzymes become denatured. Most enzymes are denatured at around 55-60°C.
Measuring Enzyme Activity
- Measured by decrease in substrate concentration, or an increase in product concentration.
Reaction Velocity
- Reaction velocity is the amount of substrate converted to product per unit time.
- Increasing substrate concentration initially increases reaction velocity, but eventually reaches a maximum velocity (Vmax), where further increases in substrate don't impact velocity.
Michaelis-Menten Constant (Km)
- Km is the substrate concentration at half maximum velocity.
- It reflects enzyme affinity for substrate.
- Low Km values indicate high affinity, while high Km values indicate low affinity.
Effect of Enzyme Concentration
- Increasing enzyme concentration increases reaction velocity.
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Description
Explore the six major classes of enzymes including oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. Discover how substrate concentration affects enzyme activity and the concept of maximum velocity (Vmax). Test your knowledge on enzymatic functions and their classifications.
