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Questions and Answers
What are the two components of the active site of an enzyme molecule?
What type of interactions are initially involved in the binding of substrate at the active site?
What accounts for much of the specificity of enzymes in relation to the binding site?
In some cases, what does binding of the first substrate induce in the active site of the enzyme?
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What are common examples of catalytic groups in enzymes?
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How does an increase in temperature affect the initial energy of the substrate in enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
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What happens to enzyme absorbing power and activity when they are denatured by heat?
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What is the effect of extreme heating on enzyme structure?
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What is the average maximum temperature range for most enzymes?
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What is the effect of freezing low temperature on enzyme activity?
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How does an increase in temperature affect the initial energy of the substrate in enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
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What effect does extreme heating have on enzyme structure?
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What is the average maximum temperature range for most enzymes?
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What happens to enzyme absorbing power and activity when they are denatured by heat?
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What effect does freezing low temperature have on enzyme activity?
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Study Notes
Enzyme Active Site Components
- Two main components: binding site for substrate and catalytic site for chemical reaction.
Substrate Binding Interactions
- Initial binding includes non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions.
Enzyme Specificity
- Specificity arises from the precise shape and chemical environment of the active site, allowing only compatible substrates to bind effectively.
Substrate-Induced Changes
- Binding of the first substrate may induce a change in the active site’s conformation, enhancing the enzyme’s ability to bind additional substrates (cooperativity).
Catalytic Groups
- Common catalytic groups in enzymes include amino acid residues like serine, cysteine, and histidine, which play roles in facilitating the chemical reaction.
Temperature Effects on Substrates
- An increase in temperature raises the kinetic energy of substrate molecules, potentially increasing the reaction rate until an optimum temperature is reached.
Enzyme Denaturation
- When enzymes are denatured by heat, they lose their structure and function—this includes a decrease in their ability to absorb substrate and catalytic activity.
Extreme Heating Effects
- Extreme heat can lead to irreversible structural changes in enzymes, often resulting in loss of functionality.
Optimal Temperature Range
- Most enzymes have an average maximum temperature range of about 30 to 40 degrees Celsius for optimal activity, but this can vary.
Low Temperature Impacts
- Freezing temperatures tend to decrease enzymatic activity, as molecular motion slows down, reducing the interaction frequency between enzyme and substrate.
Summary of Effects of Temperature
- Increase in temperature boosts substrate energy; extreme heating damages enzyme structure, while freezing reduces activity and function.
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Description
Learn about the active site of enzyme molecules and how it consists of a binding site for the substrate and catalytic groups. Understand the process of substrate binding and the initial involvement at the active site.
