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Questions and Answers
What is thigmotropism in plants?
What is thigmotropism in plants?
- The rapid response to touch or mechanical stimuli (correct)
- The loss of water vapor through tiny pores
- The growth of a plant in response to light
- The flowering process in response to day length
Which type of transpiration involves water vapor loss through the cuticle?
Which type of transpiration involves water vapor loss through the cuticle?
- Guttation
- Thigmonastic response
- Cuticular transpiration (correct)
- Lenticular transpiration
What characterizes a 'short-day' plant?
What characterizes a 'short-day' plant?
- It flowers at any stage without regard to light
- It flowers rapidly only when daylight is shorter than a critical period (correct)
- It flowers when daylight is longer than a critical length
- It does not respond to changes in daylight
What is the primary function of lenticels in plants?
What is the primary function of lenticels in plants?
What does the concept of homeostasis refer to in organisms?
What does the concept of homeostasis refer to in organisms?
Which of the following is NOT a type of photoperiodic response in plants?
Which of the following is NOT a type of photoperiodic response in plants?
What process involves the exudation of water droplets from leaf edges due to root pressure?
What process involves the exudation of water droplets from leaf edges due to root pressure?
Who is associated with the concept of homeostasis defining the internal environment as crucial for life?
Who is associated with the concept of homeostasis defining the internal environment as crucial for life?
What is the primary role of cohesion in xylem?
What is the primary role of cohesion in xylem?
Which factor primarily drives the process of transpiration in plants?
Which factor primarily drives the process of transpiration in plants?
What type of plant movement is phototropism?
What type of plant movement is phototropism?
How do ectotherms regulate their body temperature?
How do ectotherms regulate their body temperature?
Which type of transpiration involves water loss through stomata?
Which type of transpiration involves water loss through stomata?
What is the result when a water molecule evaporates from a leaf?
What is the result when a water molecule evaporates from a leaf?
What is nastic movement in plants?
What is nastic movement in plants?
What kind of plant movement is gravitropism associated with?
What kind of plant movement is gravitropism associated with?
What is the primary focus of animal physiology within environmental physiology?
What is the primary focus of animal physiology within environmental physiology?
What defines C4 photosynthesis compared to C3 photosynthesis?
What defines C4 photosynthesis compared to C3 photosynthesis?
Which process is NOT a phase of photosynthesis?
Which process is NOT a phase of photosynthesis?
What adaptation does CAM photosynthesis provide for plants?
What adaptation does CAM photosynthesis provide for plants?
How do plants primarily respond to environmental changes?
How do plants primarily respond to environmental changes?
What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
Why are environmental management strategies important?
Why are environmental management strategies important?
Which statement best describes the difference between plants and animals in terms of environmental response?
Which statement best describes the difference between plants and animals in terms of environmental response?
What is the process by which the respiratory system helps maintain homeostasis in the lungs?
What is the process by which the respiratory system helps maintain homeostasis in the lungs?
How does the human body primarily dissipate excess heat to maintain homeostasis?
How does the human body primarily dissipate excess heat to maintain homeostasis?
What defines adaptation in the context of environmental responses?
What defines adaptation in the context of environmental responses?
Which statement best describes acclimatization?
Which statement best describes acclimatization?
What physiological response occurs when the body is in an oxygen low situation?
What physiological response occurs when the body is in an oxygen low situation?
Which of the following best describes thermoregulation in animals?
Which of the following best describes thermoregulation in animals?
Which process is considered the simplest form of behavior in response to environmental factors?
Which process is considered the simplest form of behavior in response to environmental factors?
What is the essential requirement for terrestrial animals during reproduction?
What is the essential requirement for terrestrial animals during reproduction?
What is the primary function of heat shock proteins in plants?
What is the primary function of heat shock proteins in plants?
Which strategy is characterized by the shoot elongation to restore leaf contact with the atmosphere?
Which strategy is characterized by the shoot elongation to restore leaf contact with the atmosphere?
In what way do plants exhibit tolerance to toxic stress?
In what way do plants exhibit tolerance to toxic stress?
What does the sit-and-wait strategy (LOQS) primarily focus on?
What does the sit-and-wait strategy (LOQS) primarily focus on?
What physiological change occurs a few hours after soil flooding according to plant responses?
What physiological change occurs a few hours after soil flooding according to plant responses?
Which of the following best describes the concept of phonological escape in plants?
Which of the following best describes the concept of phonological escape in plants?
Dwarfing in cold region plant species serves primarily what purpose?
Dwarfing in cold region plant species serves primarily what purpose?
Which of the following accurately represents a way that plants handle absorbed toxins?
Which of the following accurately represents a way that plants handle absorbed toxins?
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Study Notes
Environmental Physiology
- Studies the dependence and adaptation of an organism's physiology to environmental conditions.
- In plants, focuses on mechanisms of environmental response and scaling of responses to variable conditions.
- In animals, focuses on physiological and behavioral adaptations to diverse environments and the integration of these mechanisms for survival.
- Plants are sessile and must endure adverse conditions, unlike mobile animals.
Photosynthesis and Respiration
- Photosynthesis: Green plants synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water using chlorophyll.
- Two phases: Light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.
- Chemical reaction: 6H₂O + 6CO₂ + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
- C4 photosynthesis: An adaptation to hot, dry climates, minimizing photorespiration via specialized leaf anatomy and biochemistry.
- CAM photosynthesis: An adaptation for arid environments, conserving water.
- Translocation in the phloem: Photosynthates (products of photosynthesis) are transported throughout the plant via the phloem.
Plant Water Relations
- Cohesion-tension theory: Water evaporation from leaves creates tension pulling water from soil through xylem.
- Cohesion: Water molecules stick together.
- Adhesion: Water molecules stick to xylem walls.
- Transpiration: Water loss from leaves via stomata, lenticels, and cuticles.
- Guttation: Water droplet exudation from leaves due to root pressure.
Plant Movements
- Tropisms: Directional, permanent growth responses (phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism).
- Nastic movements: Non-directional, irreversible, repeatable movements in response to stimuli (nyctinastic, seismonastic, thigmonastic).
- Photoperiodism: Physiological response (e.g., flowering) regulated by day length (short-day, long-day, day-neutral plants).
Homeostasis
- Organism's tendency to maintain internal stability.
- Claude Bernard: "Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of life."
- Walter B. Cannon: Homeostasis as a dynamic equilibrium.
Responses to Stress
- Heat shock proteins: Protect cells from heat stress by preventing protein denaturation and aiding refolding.
- Functions: Preventing aggregation, protein folding.
- Dwarfing: An adaptation in cold regions, either genetic or plastic response.
- Resistance to toxicity: Escape (phonological escape), exclusion, tolerance.
- Flooding: Modifies water relations and reduces plant carbon fixation. Two strategies: low oxygen escape syndrome (LOES) and low oxygen quiescence syndrome (LOQS).
Animal Responses to Environmental Factors
- Acclimation: Chronic response to experimentally altered or new habitat environments.
- Acclimatization: Chronic response to natural environments (seasonal changes, elevation).
- Adaptation: Evolutionary change resulting in organisms suited to their environments.
- Habituation: A simple, common behavioral response in many animals.
- Thermoregulation: Maintaining homeostatic internal body temperature; modes vary.
- Terrestrial animals: Reproduction requires preventing egg and embryo desiccation.
- Gas exchange: Essential for homeostasis. Temperature regulation: Exhalation dissipates excess heat.
- Mechanics of respiration: Muscular responses to oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, heat, and vocalization needs.
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