Environmental Physiology and Photosynthesis
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Questions and Answers

What is thigmotropism in plants?

  • The rapid response to touch or mechanical stimuli (correct)
  • The loss of water vapor through tiny pores
  • The growth of a plant in response to light
  • The flowering process in response to day length

    • Which type of transpiration involves water vapor loss through the cuticle?

  • Guttation
  • Thigmonastic response
  • Cuticular transpiration (correct)
  • Lenticular transpiration

    • What characterizes a 'short-day' plant?

  • It flowers at any stage without regard to light
  • It flowers rapidly only when daylight is shorter than a critical period (correct)
  • It flowers when daylight is longer than a critical length
  • It does not respond to changes in daylight

    • What is the primary function of lenticels in plants?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange with the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of homeostasis refer to in organisms?

    <p>The tendency to regulate and maintain internal stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of photoperiodic response in plants?

    <p>Night-only plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the exudation of water droplets from leaf edges due to root pressure?

    <p>Guttation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the concept of homeostasis defining the internal environment as crucial for life?

    <p>Claude Bernard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cohesion in xylem?

    <p>To hold water columns together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily drives the process of transpiration in plants?

    <p>Evaporation of water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant movement is phototropism?

    <p>Directional growth towards light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ectotherms regulate their body temperature?

    <p>By using external temperature sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transpiration involves water loss through stomata?

    <p>Stomatal transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when a water molecule evaporates from a leaf?

    <p>Tension in the water column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nastic movement in plants?

    <p>Non-directional plant movements that are irreversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of plant movement is gravitropism associated with?

    <p>Influence of gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of animal physiology within environmental physiology?

    <p>How animals are physiologically and behaviorally adapted to different environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines C4 photosynthesis compared to C3 photosynthesis?

    <p>It evolved to improve efficiency in hot, dry climates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT a phase of photosynthesis?

    <p>Translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation does CAM photosynthesis provide for plants?

    <p>Water conservation in arid environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plants primarily respond to environmental changes?

    <p>By adjusting physiological processes such as photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

    <p>It captures light energy necessary for synthesizing sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are environmental management strategies important?

    <p>They prevent and solve environmental problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the difference between plants and animals in terms of environmental response?

    <p>Animals can migrate to escape unfavorable conditions, while plants are static.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the respiratory system helps maintain homeostasis in the lungs?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the human body primarily dissipate excess heat to maintain homeostasis?

    <p>Exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines adaptation in the context of environmental responses?

    <p>An evolutionary change via natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes acclimatization?

    <p>A chronic response to a natural environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response occurs when the body is in an oxygen low situation?

    <p>Increased respiration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes thermoregulation in animals?

    <p>Regulating internal body temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is considered the simplest form of behavior in response to environmental factors?

    <p>Habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential requirement for terrestrial animals during reproduction?

    <p>Preventing egg desiccation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of heat shock proteins in plants?

    <p>Preventing protein denaturation and aiding refolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is characterized by the shoot elongation to restore leaf contact with the atmosphere?

    <p>Low Oxygen Escape Syndrome (LOES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do plants exhibit tolerance to toxic stress?

    <p>By developing distinct isoenzymes for toxin metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sit-and-wait strategy (LOQS) primarily focus on?

    <p>Maintaining energy conservation without shoot elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs a few hours after soil flooding according to plant responses?

    <p>Reduction in water uptake by roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of phonological escape in plants?

    <p>Active growth occurs during favorable seasonal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dwarfing in cold region plant species serves primarily what purpose?

    <p>Allowing energy conservation through habitat plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately represents a way that plants handle absorbed toxins?

    <p>Chemical inactivation or localization of toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Environmental Physiology

    • Studies the dependence and adaptation of an organism's physiology to environmental conditions.
    • In plants, focuses on mechanisms of environmental response and scaling of responses to variable conditions.
    • In animals, focuses on physiological and behavioral adaptations to diverse environments and the integration of these mechanisms for survival.
    • Plants are sessile and must endure adverse conditions, unlike mobile animals.

    Photosynthesis and Respiration

    • Photosynthesis: Green plants synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water using chlorophyll.
    • Two phases: Light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.
    • Chemical reaction: 6H₂O + 6CO₂ + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
    • C4 photosynthesis: An adaptation to hot, dry climates, minimizing photorespiration via specialized leaf anatomy and biochemistry.
    • CAM photosynthesis: An adaptation for arid environments, conserving water.
    • Translocation in the phloem: Photosynthates (products of photosynthesis) are transported throughout the plant via the phloem.

    Plant Water Relations

    • Cohesion-tension theory: Water evaporation from leaves creates tension pulling water from soil through xylem.
    • Cohesion: Water molecules stick together.
    • Adhesion: Water molecules stick to xylem walls.
    • Transpiration: Water loss from leaves via stomata, lenticels, and cuticles.
    • Guttation: Water droplet exudation from leaves due to root pressure.

    Plant Movements

    • Tropisms: Directional, permanent growth responses (phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism).
    • Nastic movements: Non-directional, irreversible, repeatable movements in response to stimuli (nyctinastic, seismonastic, thigmonastic).
    • Photoperiodism: Physiological response (e.g., flowering) regulated by day length (short-day, long-day, day-neutral plants).

    Homeostasis

    • Organism's tendency to maintain internal stability.
    • Claude Bernard: "Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of life."
    • Walter B. Cannon: Homeostasis as a dynamic equilibrium.

    Responses to Stress

    • Heat shock proteins: Protect cells from heat stress by preventing protein denaturation and aiding refolding.
    • Functions: Preventing aggregation, protein folding.
    • Dwarfing: An adaptation in cold regions, either genetic or plastic response.
    • Resistance to toxicity: Escape (phonological escape), exclusion, tolerance.
    • Flooding: Modifies water relations and reduces plant carbon fixation. Two strategies: low oxygen escape syndrome (LOES) and low oxygen quiescence syndrome (LOQS).

    Animal Responses to Environmental Factors

    • Acclimation: Chronic response to experimentally altered or new habitat environments.
    • Acclimatization: Chronic response to natural environments (seasonal changes, elevation).
    • Adaptation: Evolutionary change resulting in organisms suited to their environments.
    • Habituation: A simple, common behavioral response in many animals.
    • Thermoregulation: Maintaining homeostatic internal body temperature; modes vary.
    • Terrestrial animals: Reproduction requires preventing egg and embryo desiccation.
    • Gas exchange: Essential for homeostasis. Temperature regulation: Exhalation dissipates excess heat.
    • Mechanics of respiration: Muscular responses to oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, heat, and vocalization needs.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of environmental physiology and the processes of photosynthesis in plants. It highlights how organisms adapt to their environments, focusing on both physiological and behavioral strategies in animals and plants. Additionally, it explores the mechanisms of photosynthesis, including C4 and CAM pathways, and their relevance to various climates.

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