Environmental Physiology Study Notes

The smallest meaningful unit in a language, consisting of a single word, a part of a word, or a combination of morphemes. It can be a base form, a prefix, a suffix, or an infix. Examples include "cat", "un-", "ing", and "ed".

The process of combining different meaningful elements (morphemes) into larger units to create new words. For example, the word "unbreakable" is formed by combining the prefix "un-" with the root word "breakable" and the suffix "-able".

The study of words' internal structure, focusing on how words are formed and how meaning is conveyed through their components. It explores how morphemes are combined to create new words and how words can change their form based on grammatical functions.

Adding a new word to a language from another language. Examples include "sushi" (Japanese), "kindergarten" (German), and "entrepreneur" (French).

The process of creating a completely new word, not based on any existing words. Examples include "blog" (originally from "web log"), "google" (after the number "googol"), and "selfie" (a combination of "self" and "photo").

A new word is created from an existing word by removing what appears to be a suffix, often resulting in a shorter, simpler word.

The grammatical correctness of a sentence, determined by whether a native speaker would consider it acceptable.

A group of words that function as a single unit within a sentence, often replaceable with a single word.

A category of words that share similar grammatical properties and functions, determining their role in a sentence.

Elements required or allowed to occur with a particular syntactic object, influencing the structure of a phrase or sentence.

Elements of a sentence that are optional and not essential for the sentence's grammatical structure.

Words or phrases in a sentence that have a grammatical function and are required for the sentence to be grammatically correct.

Occurs when words in a sentence share the same grammatical feature, like tense or number.

The mental representation of the meaning of a word or phrase, independent of its reference to the real world.

The relationship between the sense of a word or phrase and the actual objects or entities it refers to in the real world.

A type of adjective that describes a quality or characteristic that is shared by both the adjective and the noun it modifies.

A type of adjective that describes a quality or characteristic that is specific to the noun it modifies and cannot be separated from it.

The meaning of phrases is determined by the meanings of the individual words and how they are combined.

The study of the meanings of words.

The set of grammatical rules that govern how words are combined into phrases and sentences.

The ability of a language to express new ideas or concepts not previously expressed, resulting in infinite possible combinations of words and meanings.

The capacity of a language to talk about itself, including its structure, rules, and meanings. For example, discussing the different parts of speech or analyzing the meaning of words.

The use of language to communicate about things or events that are not present in the immediate context, including past, future, or hypothetical events.

A way of speaking that is characteristic of a particular group of people, often defined by geographical location or social factors. It's a specific variety of a language with unique features, including vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation.

Any feature of language that distinguishes it from other forms of communication.

The speaker's actual language production, as opposed to their underlying linguistic knowledge.

The model predicts whether a sentence is grammatically correct based on how it would be judged by a native speaker.

The model assigns the same underlying structure to sentences as humans do. For example, the model can predict that 'old house door' is ambiguous.

The model aligns with how humans acquire and process language.

The voice box, where vocal folds are located.

A minimal unit of sound that distinguishes meaning between two words.

A phonetic realization of a single phoneme.

A group of sounds sharing at least one phonological feature.

When the contexts of two sounds are non-overlapping, meaning they never appear in the same environment.

The set of phonetic contexts a sound can appear in.

The way a sound is produced, involving the flow of air and the position of speech organs.

Sounds produced by completely blocking the airflow in the mouth, briefly building up pressure, and then releasing it.

Sounds produced by constricting the airflow through a narrow opening in the mouth, creating turbulent noise.

Sounds starting like stops, but released as a fricative. They are distinct from a stop + fricative.

The location in the mouth where the airflow is constricted or blocked during the pronunciation of a sound.

A communication system used by non-human animals, often based on innate, biological cues.

A group of mutually intelligible dialects, a concept that blurs the distinction between language and dialect.

The actual language production of a speaker, as opposed to their underlying knowledge or ability to use language.

This refers to the physical parts of the vocal tract that are used to produce sounds. These articulators move to create different shapes in the mouth, leading to different sounds.