Environmental Physiology Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

What term is used to describe the grammatical status highlighting the acceptability of a sentence within a language?

  • Syntactic correctness
  • Grammaticality (correct)
  • Lexical validity
  • Felicitousness

    • Which of the following tests is used to determine constituency through the method of replacing a phrase with a single word?

  • Substitution (correct)
  • Coordination
  • Displacement
  • Fragment

    • Co-occurrence refers to which type of syntactic element related to the necessity of accompanying other elements?

  • Conjunctions
  • Adverbials
  • Arguments (correct)
  • Modifiers

    • Which syntactic category can be modified by adding the adjective 'very' and forming comparative and superlative structures?

    <p>Adjectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the principle that states the meaning of an expression is determined by the meanings of its subparts and how they are combined?

    <p>The Principle of Compositionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines a morpheme?

    <p>The smallest unit that carries meaning or grammatical function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes derivational affixes from inflectional affixes?

    <p>Derivational affixes often change the part of speech while inflectional do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples best illustrates reduplication?

    <p><em>Ibuibu</em> indicating plurality of <em>ibu</em>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a prefix in morphology?

    <p>To add meaning to the beginning of a stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'allomorphy' in morphology?

    <p>The ability of a morpheme to appear in multiple forms based on syntactical structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adjuncts from arguments in sentence structure?

    <p>Arguments specify the essential components of a sentence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a transitive verb?

    <p>John ate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature that differentiates intersective adjectives from relative adjectives?

    <p>Intersective adjectives have a denotation independent of the nouns they modify.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of semantics, what does 'sense' refer to?

    <p>The mental representation of meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines a privative adjective?

    <p>Adjectives that have no overlap with the nouns they modify.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about adjuncts is true?

    <p>They denote elements whose existence is implied by the head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of determiners in noun phrases?

    <p>To provide context and specify reference for nouns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of verb needs two noun phrase complements?

    <p>Ditransitive verb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature characterizes the relationship between sense and reference?

    <p>Sense represents the mental concept, while reference relates to the real world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a subsective adjective?

    <p>It does not differentiate between the adjectives and the nouns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of language allows for the creation of new messages on any topic at any time?

    <p>Productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'arbitrariness' in language refer to?

    <p>The absence of an inherent connection between a symbol and its referent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of mutual intelligibility, what can be said about dialects?

    <p>Speakers of two dialects can readily understand each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Hockett's design features implies that a language user is aware of what they are transmitting and can adjust their communication accordingly?

    <p>Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between a dialect and an idiolect?

    <p>Idiolect refers to individual speech patterns, while dialect refers to community speech patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sounds is classified as a labio-dental stop?

    <p>/f/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes affricates from stops and fricatives?

    <p>Affricates begin as stops and are released into a fricative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sounds are specifically categorized as alveolar?

    <p>/t, d, n, s, z/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In phonology, what do minimal pairs demonstrate?

    <p>A contrast in meaning that arises from a single phonetic change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of the passive articulator in bilabial sounds?

    <p>Upper lip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'voiced' refer to in the context of vocal fold function?

    <p>Pressure in airstream causes vibration of the vocal folds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the source-filter theory of speech production primarily determines the pitch of sound?

    <p>Modulation from constriction of vocal folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In phonetics, what is the primary distinction between active and passive articulators?

    <p>Active articulators move, while passive ones remain still.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phoneme?

    <p>A minimal unit of sound that can change the meaning of a word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes complementary distribution?

    <p>Two sounds appear in non-overlapping contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the oral tract in speech production?

    <p>It shapes the sound created by airflow from the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes articulatory phonetics?

    <p>Analysis of how sounds are produced in human speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a natural class of sounds?

    <p>They must share at least one phonological feature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a derivation table, what is the significance of the order of rules?

    <p>The order can lead to different phonemic outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically true about the vowel systems in most spoken languages?

    <p>They often include more height distinctions than backness distinctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of the larynx in speech production?

    <p>It is responsible for the modulation of sound through vocal folds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the source-filter theory of speech production, which component primarily influences the characteristics of the speech sound produced?

    <p>The alterations made to the vocal tract's shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best represents the concept of 'active' and 'passive' articulators in speech production?

    <p>Active articulators create constrictions while passive articulators do not change position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the voiceless production of sound in human speech?

    <p>Vocal folds being apart, allowing free airflow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is essential in defining the segments of speech sounds in human languages?

    <p>Segments serve as the smallest units of sound that combine to produce meaningful units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of language allows for the generation of new messages about any topic at any time?

    <p>Recursion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'prevarication' in language?

    <p>The ability to create nonsense or false statements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'dual patterning' in Hockett's design features refer to?

    <p>The distinction between phonemes and meaningful units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of 'mutual intelligibility' apply to dialects?

    <p>It indicates that speakers of different dialects can understand each other's speech spontaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of animal communication, what is meant by 'displacement'?

    <p>The capacity to refer to past or future events and contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with stops/plosives?

    <p>Narrow opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes affricates from other manners of articulation?

    <p>They start off as stops and transition to fricatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification correctly identifies a labio-dental articulation?

    <p>Sound produced with the upper teeth and the lower lip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of places of articulation, the post-alveolar manner of articulation involves which sounds?

    <p>/tʃ, dʒ/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phonemic characteristics is often challenging for speakers of any language when perceiving differences in non-contrastive sounds?

    <p>Phonemes that do not exist in their native language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the concept of complementary distribution?

    <p>Two sounds have non-overlapping contexts with distinct realizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of a natural class in phonology?

    <p>They consist of sounds that are likely to share the same articulatory gesture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to phonology, what does the notation V[high] represent?

    <p>Vowels that are produced with high tongue placement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between phonemes and allophones?

    <p>Allophones are variations of a phoneme that do not change word meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically true about the distribution of consonants and vowels in most languages?

    <p>The consonant-to-vowel ratio commonly approximates 4:1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Final Study Sheet

    • Topics Covered: Study notes cover a range of topics, potentially including physical, sensory, and sensory-environmental aspects of something. Sections corresponding to different aspects or categories of a larger concept are present.
    • Possible Subject Matter: Potential subjects include physiology, sensory evaluation, environmental analysis, or a similar subject within a field like environmental engineering, horticulture, architecture, or linguistics. Possible topics involve language structure, meaning, and use. The notes also cover morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, historical linguistics, and computational linguistics.
    • Data Format: Notes include diagrams, mathematical equations, lists of characteristics, descriptions, and potentially tables/charts (not visible in current image).
    • Focus: Detailed breakdown of concepts, with many characteristics, including quantitative measurements. Concepts like morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics, along with computational linguistics are included. These might cover language structure, organization, and meaning. Topics include lexical composition, co-occurrence, entailment, logical equivalence, presupposition. The notes also include discussions about the nature of sentences, utterances, and their relationships. Information about the Cooperative Principle (Grice's maxims), including quantity, quality, manner, and relevance, is present. Concepts of historical linguistics, such as sound changes, and computational linguistics, including probabilities and computational models like trigram models, are also addressed.

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    Description

    This quiz covers a comprehensive range of topics related to environmental physiology, sensory evaluation, and the interplay of sensory-environmental aspects. The study notes include diagrams, equations, and a detailed breakdown of key concepts. Perfect for students looking to grasp intricate details and quantitative measurements in environmental studies.

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