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Questions and Answers
What is a primary treatment for heat stroke?
What is a primary treatment for heat stroke?
What could tea-colored urine indicate in a patient with heat-related issues?
What could tea-colored urine indicate in a patient with heat-related issues?
What is an appropriate method of active warming for a patient with hypothermia?
What is an appropriate method of active warming for a patient with hypothermia?
Why is it preferable to drown in cold water?
Why is it preferable to drown in cold water?
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What should be removed from a patient who has been stung to prevent swelling?
What should be removed from a patient who has been stung to prevent swelling?
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Which situation requires immediate action before administering charcoal for poisoning?
Which situation requires immediate action before administering charcoal for poisoning?
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What should be done for a drowning victim upon rescue?
What should be done for a drowning victim upon rescue?
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In cases of opioid overdose, which symptom is NOT typically observed?
In cases of opioid overdose, which symptom is NOT typically observed?
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What is a significant risk associated with cat bites?
What is a significant risk associated with cat bites?
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What parental injury can lead to permanent damage if not addressed within 24 hours?
What parental injury can lead to permanent damage if not addressed within 24 hours?
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When treating a puncture wound that is 6 to 12 hours old, what is critical?
When treating a puncture wound that is 6 to 12 hours old, what is critical?
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What is the typical source of rabies in bite cases?
What is the typical source of rabies in bite cases?
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What is a common cause of spinal cord injuries?
What is a common cause of spinal cord injuries?
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What reflex loss characterizes spinal shock?
What reflex loss characterizes spinal shock?
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Which medication is recommended for opioid overdose management?
Which medication is recommended for opioid overdose management?
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What precaution should be taken when dealing with a narcotics overdose case?
What precaution should be taken when dealing with a narcotics overdose case?
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What is the highest priority action during the primary survey when faced with uncontrolled circulation?
What is the highest priority action during the primary survey when faced with uncontrolled circulation?
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Which of the following denotes the most severe Emergency Severity Index (ESI) level?
Which of the following denotes the most severe Emergency Severity Index (ESI) level?
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What is a critical lab value indicating severe sepsis when the lactate level is greater than which value?
What is a critical lab value indicating severe sepsis when the lactate level is greater than which value?
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Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to renal failure in a patient with sepsis?
Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to renal failure in a patient with sepsis?
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What is an essential action to prevent neutropenia patients from developing infections?
What is an essential action to prevent neutropenia patients from developing infections?
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What should be monitored closely in patients experiencing thrombocytopenia?
What should be monitored closely in patients experiencing thrombocytopenia?
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Which of the following is a potential consequence of hypercalcemia in cancer patients?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of hypercalcemia in cancer patients?
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Which law requires stabilization of a trauma victim before transferring to another facility?
Which law requires stabilization of a trauma victim before transferring to another facility?
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What symptom is commonly associated with neurogenic shock resulting from T6 and above injuries?
What symptom is commonly associated with neurogenic shock resulting from T6 and above injuries?
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Which spinal cord injury level requires respiratory support to keep the diaphragm functional?
Which spinal cord injury level requires respiratory support to keep the diaphragm functional?
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What is a critical sign of autonomic dysreflexia in patients with T6 injuries or above?
What is a critical sign of autonomic dysreflexia in patients with T6 injuries or above?
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What emergency intervention is indicated for a tension pneumothorax?
What emergency intervention is indicated for a tension pneumothorax?
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Which of the following describes flail chest?
Which of the following describes flail chest?
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Which of the following should NOT be done in case of an abdominal injury with an impaled object?
Which of the following should NOT be done in case of an abdominal injury with an impaled object?
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What is a potential complication from long bone fractures?
What is a potential complication from long bone fractures?
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What is an effective strategy recommended for managing symptoms associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
What is an effective strategy recommended for managing symptoms associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
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What serious condition can occur due to tumor lysis syndrome within 24 to 48 hours after chemotherapy treatment?
What serious condition can occur due to tumor lysis syndrome within 24 to 48 hours after chemotherapy treatment?
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Which of the following is an important precaution to take before administering chemotherapy?
Which of the following is an important precaution to take before administering chemotherapy?
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What symptom is associated with SIADH that indicates a potential critical condition?
What symptom is associated with SIADH that indicates a potential critical condition?
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In case of spinal cord compression, which symptom is indicative of the condition?
In case of spinal cord compression, which symptom is indicative of the condition?
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What action should be taken immediately if there are burns in the mouth and throat?
What action should be taken immediately if there are burns in the mouth and throat?
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Study Notes
Environmental Emergencies
- Heat Stroke vs. Heat Exhaustion: Heat stroke is worse; the body cannot sweat.
- Heat Stroke Treatment: Lower core body temperature, preferably with cold water immersion. Provide ice packs and monitor for dysrhythmias. Administer fluids. Monitor O2.
- Hypothermia: Thickens the blood, increasing risk of clots, heart attacks (PE). Treat with removal of cold clothes, warm blankets, active and passive warming techniques. Warm fluids. Monitor body temp and urine output (look for tea-colored urine reflecting dehydration).
Cold Water/Warm Water Drowning
- Treatment Strategy: Cold water slows down processes, so cold water drowning allows for recovery possibilities.
- Injuries: Think pulmonary edema (ARDS, decreased surfactant, and alveoli cap membrane).
- Treatment: Monitor airway, breathing, circulation (ABCs). Administer oxygen and control for injuries. Warm the victim if in cold water. Use proper equipment like a collar.
Bites
- Cat Bites: Risk of infection; prophylactic antibiotics are typically given. Puncture wounds need antibiotics.
- Dog Bites: Greater risk of infection, particularly in larger bite areas due to mouths. Antibiotics may be needed for puncture wounds over joints, hands, or feet within 6-12 hours of injury.
Stings
- Removal: Remove with a blade or flat object.
- Reaction: Note if allergic; provide antihistamine, steroids, and possibly epinephrine. Keep restrictive items off (rings, watches, etc.) to prevent swelling.
Poisoning
- Decontamination: Brush off suspected poison before a bath. Treat if interacting with water.
- Ingesting Poison: Contact poison control immediately. Follow their instructions for decontamination procedures in cases of ingesting poisons. Charcoal binds to toxins for removal. Use caution to not give charcoal in cases of possible bowel obstructions. Assess for other symptoms.
Opioid Overdose
- Symptoms: Pinpoint pupils, Loss of Consciousness (LOC), respiratory depression, seizures, hypoxemia.
- Treatment: Administer NARCAN and monitor ABCs.
Spinal Cord Injuries
- Types: More common in males, especially in automobile accidents or from more commonly occurring, more obvious traumas/injuries. Head lacerations are common, but more concerning are internal injuries.
- Secondary Injuries: Are less obvious but more concerning. Edema, ischemia, inflammation, and secondary injury to the spinal cord can result from edema.
Neurogenic Shock
- Symptoms: Symptoms include trouble regulating temperature, flushed warm skin near the injury, but can become cold and clammy. Blood pressure below 90 systolic, and various other issues associated with severe spinal cord injury, such as cardiac output issues and venous pooling.
- Treatment: Proper temperature regulation, and treatment of respiratory and cardiac events are crucial.
Trauma
- Tension Pneumothorax: Shift in mediastinum (trachea); can affect respiratory function and cardiac output.
- Needle decompression: Important for rapid correction of issues when the mediastinum is affected.
- Flail chest: Multiple ribs broken in a way which may cause paradoxial movement causing breathing issues.
Abdominal Injuries
- Treatment: Do not remove impaled objects, as it could intensify the bleeding or damage to the surrounding organs).
TBI
- Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Can have long-term effects.
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A common secondary condition that may occur.
Burns
- Parkland Formula: Used as a guideline for fluid treatment in cases of burns.
- Intubation: Do intubate the patient if mouth and airway are affected as quickly as possible. Swelling in the esophagus is particularly problematic in burn patients.
Sepsis
- Stages: SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock are increasing degrees of severity.
- Clinical Presentation: Focus on lactate levels. Levels greater than 4 indicate severe cases. Watch for tachycardia, and other symptoms related to increasing degrees of severity.
Oncology Emergencies
- Neutropenia: Low white blood count; risk of infection; monitor infections closely.
- Infections: Important to monitor for infection in case of impaired immunity.
- Antibiotic Therapy: Carefully watch temperatures, and antibiotic administration and effectiveness.
SIADH
- Symptoms: Water retention; mental status changes; low sodium (hyponatremia); and decreased reflexes.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
- Symptoms: Obstruction of blood flow, higher blood pressure in upper extremities than lower ones; breathing issues.
Spinal Cord Compression
- Symptoms: Worsening pain (worse in a supine position; relieved by sitting or standing), and neurologic impairment.
- Assessment: Important to rule this condition out as a possibility, since it can quickly lead to potentially devastating results if left unattended.
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- Causes: Chemo causing cell death, and consequent release of electrolytes into body fluids.
- Risk: Kidney damage as electrolytes overload kidney filter system. Electrolyte imbalances; monitor fluids, electrolytes, kidneys and cardiac output closely.
Other
- Cardiac Monitor: Used extensively throughout the assessment and treatment of a wide variety of issues. Monitor for abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias).
- Labs: Monitoring various labs (creatinine, lactate, etc.) is key in evaluating patient status and determining the best course of action. This includes tests relating to blood, urine, and other vital fluids, to understand if there are significant problems that need correction or intervention immediately.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the critical differences between heat stroke and heat exhaustion, along with their treatment protocols. It also covers the treatment strategies for drowning victims in cold and warm water, including the management of injuries and monitoring techniques. Test your knowledge on these essential emergency care concepts.
