24 Questions
What is the primary focus of self-observation by the learner?
Analyzing one's own thoughts and feelings
Which type of observation involves actively participating in the activities of the research participants?
Participant observation
What is the primary advantage of the experimental method in research?
It provides precise, reliable, and repeatable results
What is the main purpose of the control group in an experiment?
To provide a baseline for comparison
What does entering behaviour describe?
The student's level before the instruction begins
What is the purpose of performance assessment?
To determine how well the student has achieved the instructional objectives
What is the primary goal of survey methods in research?
To gather opinions of a large group of people
What is terminal behaviour?
The student's level after the instruction concludes
Which method of research is particularly useful for studying behavior in a natural, everyday setting?
Naturalistic observation
What is an instructional procedure?
The medium through which a search image is transmitted from the instructor to the learner
What is a limitation of self-observation as a research method?
It lacks reliability
Which type of observation is most likely to be carried out in a psychology laboratory?
Structured observation
What determines the limits of instructional responsibility?
The student's entering and terminal behaviour
What is the purpose of instructional procedures?
To impart a search image from the instructor to the learner
What type of test is commonly used in teaching and learning sessions?
Teacher-made test
What do the results of a performance assessment provide?
The index for determining the extent to which the set objectives have been achieved
What is the dependent variable in an experiment where the independent variable is the use of a new language teaching procedure?
Students' scores on a test of the content taught using that procedure
What is the role of intervening variables in an experiment?
They link the independent and dependent variables
What is the purpose of control variables in an experiment?
To hold constant or eliminate variables that may have a biasing effect
What is an example of a moderator variable in language acquisition research?
The sex, age, culture, or language proficiency of the subjects
What is the purpose of introspection in educational psychology research?
To study behaviour
What is an example of an independent variable in an experiment?
The use of a new language teaching procedure
What is the role of extraneous variables in an experiment?
They are the variables that may have a biasing effect on the other variables
What is the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable?
The independent variable affects the dependent variable
Study Notes
Entering Behaviour
- Refers to the student's level before instruction begins
- Encompasses what the student has previously learned, intellectual ability, motivational state, and social and cultural determinants of learning ability
- Describes the present status of the student's knowledge and skill in relation to a future status the teacher wants to attain
Instructional Procedures
- Refers to the medium or media through which a particular search image is transmitted from the instructor to the learner
- Decisions made in respect of instructional procedures include:
- What specific instructional methods can be used to impart a given search image?
- Which method of instruction can lead to learning efficiency?
- What physical arrangement or instructional materials should be made to promote effective teaching and learning?
Performance Assessment
- Consists of tests and observations used to determine how well the student has achieved the instructional objectives
- Assessment devices can be teacher-made or standardised tests, objective or essay type tests
- Results of the test provide the index for determining the extent to which the set objectives have been achieved
Intervening Variables
- Describe abstract processes that are not directly observable but link the independent and dependent variables
- Example: language learning processes used by the subjects are the intervening variables if the independent variable is the use of a particular teaching technique and the dependent variable is mastery of the objectives
Moderator Variables
- Affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables by modifying the effect of the intervening variable(s)
- Measured and taken into consideration
- Typical moderator variables in language acquisition research include the sex, age, culture, or language proficiency of the subjects
Control Variables
- Variables that are not measured in a particular study must be held constant, neutralized/balanced, or eliminated to avoid biasing effects on other variables
- Variables that have been controlled in this way are called control variables
Common Methods in Educational Psychology Research
- Introspection: involves self-observation by the learner, simple, direct, and cheap, but lacks reliability and can only be used for adult normal human beings
- Observation:
- Naturalistic observation: involves observing subjects in their normal, everyday setting
- Participant observation: involves actively engaging in the activities of the research participants
- Structured observation: a controlled observation that is likely to be carried out in a psychology laboratory
- Experimental Research:
- Involves two groups of a selected population: the experimental group and the control group
- The control group provides a baseline against which to compare the experimental group
- One group is subjected to a different condition
- Survey Methods:
- Used to gather the opinions of a large group of people about a particular topic or issue
Learn about entering behaviour, which describes a student's level before instruction begins, including their prior knowledge, intellectual ability, motivation, and social and cultural factors.
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