5.1-5.6
179 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What primary concept did Enlightenment thinkers emphasize over tradition?

  • Faith
  • Ritual
  • Reason (correct)
  • Emotion

    • What was one of the significant outcomes of the clash between new ideas and old political structures during the Enlightenment?

  • Expansion of monarchies
  • Emergence of new forms of government (correct)
  • Maintaining existing colonial powers
  • Establishment of absolute rule

    • Which of the following ideologies emerged from Enlightenment thought?

  • Theocracy
  • Feudalism
  • Monarchical Absolutism
  • Socialism (correct)

    • Who emphasized empirical methods of scientific inquiry during the 17th century?

    <p>Francis Bacon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The feeling of intense loyalty to one's language and culture that threatened multiethnic empires is referred to as what?

    <p>Nationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Enlightenment thinkers see as a means to achieving societal progress?

    <p>Reason and natural laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of religion changed during the Enlightenment period?

    <p>It became less pervasive in daily life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a significant aim of the revolutions influenced by Enlightenment thought?

    <p>Independence from imperial powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What slogan encapsulated the revolutionary ideals in France during the 1780s?

    <p>Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event occurred on July 14, 1789, in France?

    <p>The storming of the Bastille</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the leader of the Haitian revolution that aimed to abolish slavery?

    <p>Toussaint L'Ouverture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one result of the French Revolution's early changes?

    <p>Abolition of feudalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country was the first to ban the slave trade?

    <p>Denmark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the National Assembly replace after breaking away from the Estates-General?

    <p>The Estates-General</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did L'Ouverture achieve for Haiti in 1801?

    <p>A constitution granting rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event prompted the growth of Zionism in the late 19th century?

    <p>The Dreyfus Affair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key rights did Thomas Jefferson highlight in the Declaration of Independence?

    <p>Unalienable rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period marked the execution of thousands during the French Revolution?

    <p>The Reign of Terror</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary motivations for the creoles in Latin America to seek independence?

    <p>To limit the power of peninsulares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major characteristic of serfdom in Europe during the transition to industrialization?

    <p>Declining as the economy changed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the prominent figure leading the Zionist movement?

    <p>Theodor Herzl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly differed between the Haitian and French revolutions?

    <p>Social class of the revolutionaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the Haitian Revolution in 1804?

    <p>Proclamation of independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which was the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery?

    <p>Brazil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the political impact of the American Revolution?

    <p>Introduction of a constitutional government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who succeeded Toussaint L'Ouverture after his imprisonment?

    <p>Jean-Jacques Dessalines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the commoners in France known for in the Estates-General?

    <p>Making up the majority of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the number of enslaved people in the United States after 1808?

    <p>It increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable feature of the New Zealand Wars between the Maori and the British?

    <p>Unified Maori tribes developed a sense of nationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document is associated with the justification of the American colonies' separation from British control?

    <p>The Declaration of Independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events marked the decline of serfdom in Europe?

    <p>The French Revolution of 1789</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a main reason for the failure of the Zionist movement initially?

    <p>Ottoman control of the desired land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did anti-Semitism play in the Dreyfus Affair?

    <p>It was a key factor in Dreyfus's wrongful conviction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the social spirit of American colonists prior to the American Revolution?

    <p>Desire for independence and self-governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key characteristic of Enlightenment thinkers?

    <p>They used empirical data in their reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Thomas Hobbes advocate for in his philosophical writings?

    <p>Absolute monarchy as a means of social order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for their contributions to utopian socialism?

    <p>Henri de Saint-Simon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Enlightenment figure wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women'?

    <p>Mary Wollstonecraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main goals of classical liberalism?

    <p>To advocate for laissez-faire economics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event took place at Seneca Falls in 1848?

    <p>A gathering to promote women's rights and suffrage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is known for opposing class struggle in his utopian socialism vision?

    <p>Charles Fourier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Enlightenment emphasize regarding government and rights?

    <p>Natural rights and constitutional government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main belief underlying conservatism during this period?

    <p>Traditional institutions should be preserved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 'Declaration of Sentiments' demand?

    <p>Rights for women including suffrage and legal guardianship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following thinkers is associated with the idea of natural rights?

    <p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Enlightenment thinkers propose as a solution for issues caused by urbanization?

    <p>Increased government regulations and private charity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who wrote 'The Prince,' a practical book reflecting on political realism?

    <p>Machiavelli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ideology sought to reform society gradually through parliamentary means?

    <p>Fabian Socialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Thomas Hobbes believe about people's natural state?

    <p>Life is 'nasty, brutish, and short.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher proposed that citizens have the responsibility to revolt against unjust governments?

    <p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concept did John Locke contribute to the understanding of human development?

    <p>The mind is like a 'blank slate' (tabula rasa).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Baron Montesquieu advocate in his work 'The Spirit of Laws'?

    <p>Checks on power are essential for government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which idea is associated with Adam Smith in 'The Wealth of Nations'?

    <p>Promotion of laissez-faire economic policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief aligns with Deism during the Enlightenment?

    <p>A divinity set natural laws in motion but does not interfere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the term 'General Will' as proposed by Rousseau?

    <p>The collective interests of the populace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Voltaire best known for during his lifetime?

    <p>Civil libertarian activism and wit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a central theme in Rousseau's writings?

    <p>The belief in societal progress and improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach did Adam Smith advocate for regarding government and economic decisions?

    <p>Minimal government intervention in economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Thomas Paine play in shaping public opinion during the Enlightenment?

    <p>He called for independence and defense of reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which idea did the philosophes aim to explore during the Enlightenment?

    <p>Social, political, and economic theories based on reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant impact did Montesquieu have on the American government?

    <p>Advocacy for a separation of powers within government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Enlightenment thinkers generally reject in their philosophy?

    <p>The reliance on tradition and religious authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant method used by the Japanese government to finance industrialization?

    <p>Impose a high agricultural tax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which industry did the Japanese government NOT notably subsidize during its industrialization efforts?

    <p>Textiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major social issue that arose from Japan's rapid industrialization?

    <p>Abuse and exploitation of female workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a direct outcome of the government's ability to collect increased taxes during Japan's industrialization?

    <p>Strengthening of the bureaucracy in Tokyo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following problems did Japan replicate from Western industrial societies?

    <p>Exploitation of labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary factor driving nationalism in France and other parts of Europe during the rise of nationalism?

    <p>Common language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the efforts to unify Italy under the House of Savoy?

    <p>Count di Cavour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy did Cavour adopt to advance Italian unity?

    <p>Realpolitik</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two wars were instrumental in Otto von Bismarck's strategy for German unification?

    <p>War against Denmark and Seven Weeks' War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Greece achieve independence from Ottoman control?

    <p>With the intervention of British, French, and Russian fleets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the majority of the Italian population speaking before unification?

    <p>Regional languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Papal States play in the unification of Italy?

    <p>They resisted the formation of a central Italian government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event marked the founding of the new German Empire?

    <p>The conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which territory was gained by Prussia after the Franco-Prussian War?

    <p>Alsace-Lorraine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical ideology did Giuseppe Mazzini promote to aid Cavour's efforts?

    <p>Romantic nationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggered the revolutions of 1848 in Germany and other European states?

    <p>Desire for independence and representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did extreme nationalism have on the global stage by 1871?

    <p>It fueled tensions that would lead to World War I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did many Italians emigrate in the late nineteenth century?

    <p>To pursue better economic opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic did nationalism share in both Italian and German unification movements?

    <p>Manipulation of wars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a result of Napoleon's conquests in Germanic areas?

    <p>Enhanced nationalist movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major concern for creoles regarding supporting the independence of mestizos and indigenous people?

    <p>Fear of losing power to lower classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region did Simón Bolívar aim to unify under the ideals of the Enlightenment?

    <p>Gran Colombia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one significant societal impact of the revolutions in Latin America on women's rights?

    <p>Women remained largely submissive with little change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the predominant characteristic of the caudillos that emerged in Latin America after independence?

    <p>Strong leaders with military backgrounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which constitutionally imposed restriction effectively disenfranchised most indigenous people in Peru?

    <p>Required reading and writing in Spanish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the ideas expressed in Simón Bolívar's 'Jamaica Letter' reflect his beliefs?

    <p>Promoted individual rights and freedoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Lola Rodríguez de Tió play in Puerto Rico's struggle for independence?

    <p>Prominent poet and revolutionary activist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines?

    <p>Calls for reform and greater autonomy without seeking independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the long wars of independence in Latin America?

    <p>Establishment of strong regional warlords called caudillos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major difference in the outcomes of revolutions in Haiti compared to Latin America?

    <p>Haiti abolished slavery while Latin America maintained many social hierarchies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was José Rizal's role in the movement against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines?

    <p>He authored influential writings advocating reform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue did the independence movements in Latin America generally fail to address successfully?

    <p>Economic inequalities among social classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a shared feature of the newly independent Latin American countries regarding their governments?

    <p>They were typically led by caudillos or authoritarian leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were the social classes structured after the independence movements in Latin America?

    <p>Creoles maintained a dominant and conservative status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allowed for the mass production of steel in the 19th century?

    <p>The Bessemer Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product was initially the most significant product derived from petroleum?

    <p>Kerosene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important communication invention was patented by Alexander Graham Bell?

    <p>Telephone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of electricity in the development of public services in the late 19th century?

    <p>Introduced electric trains and ferries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technological development in transport linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the U.S.?

    <p>The Transcontinental Railroad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of mass media emerged from the advancements in communication technology during the industrial revolutions?

    <p>Radio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the establishment of railroads during the industrial revolutions?

    <p>Enhanced global trade and migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main resources that industrialized countries sought to protect by establishing colonies?

    <p>Natural resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country was nicknamed 'the sick man of Europe' due to its failure to adopt Western technologies?

    <p>Ottoman Empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What energy source became prominent for heating and lighting in the mid-1800s?

    <p>Kerosene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which invention revolutionized industries and transportation with the development of internal combustion engines?

    <p>Automobiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major consequence of effective electrical generators being developed?

    <p>Expansion of public power stations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change did the experiments with transmitting sound by electrical means lead to?

    <p>The creation of the radio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What industrial product facilitated the linking of farmers and manufacturers to investors globally?

    <p>Telegraphs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of the shift from the cottage industry to the factory system in Britain?

    <p>Higher efficiency in cotton manufacture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily delayed France's industrialization during the 19th century?

    <p>Political instability and war</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country was the first to industrialize in Asia?

    <p>Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant factor contributed to the U.S. transformation into a leading industrial power by 1900?

    <p>Large immigrant labor force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the British colonization have on India's shipbuilding industry?

    <p>Decline due to mismanagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the introduction of the spinning machines impact the cottage industry?

    <p>It increased competition and decreased demand for home production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resource was crucial for Russia's industrial growth in the late 19th century?

    <p>Waterways for transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a defining characteristic of Germany's industrialization after its unification in 1871?

    <p>Rapid growth in steel and coal production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did agriculture play in the transformation of the economy during the Agricultural Revolution?

    <p>Led to specialization of farming practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major factor that allowed countries like France and Germany to industrialize after Britain?

    <p>Availability of capital and natural resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the practice of providing raw materials to be processed at home before the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Cottage industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key advancement in manufacturing introduced during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Interchangeable parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an outcome of the enclosure movement in agricultural practices?

    <p>Greater agricultural efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What innovation did the spinning jenny contribute to the textile industry?

    <p>Enabled the spinning of multiple threads simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which invention used waterpower to enhance yarn spinning efficiency?

    <p>Water frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant effect of the introduction of interchangeable parts in manufacturing?

    <p>Facilitated easier repair and maintenance of products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did coal play in Britain's industrialization?

    <p>It powered steam engines and facilitated iron production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geographic advantage did Britain have that facilitated trade during industrialization?

    <p>Plenty of access to the Atlantic Ocean and numerous seaways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the enclosure movement in Britain?

    <p>Transformation of rural farmers into urban laborers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Henry Ford contribute to the concept of division of labor?

    <p>Through the development of the moving assembly line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly contributed to the accumulation of capital for British entrepreneurs?

    <p>Wealth from the trans-Atlantic slave trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major benefit of Britain's strong naval fleet during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Enabled efficient transport of goods for trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal aspect supported industrialization in Britain?

    <p>Legal protection of private property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one reason for the decline of the household textile cottage industry?

    <p>Rise of mechanized production in factories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor led to a growing population in rural areas during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Increased agricultural production and efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major effect of Ottomanism on ethnic and religious groups within the Ottoman Empire?

    <p>It heightened feelings of difference and desire for independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What societal change did the increased agricultural production lead to?

    <p>Shift of population from rural to urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant contributor to the demographic changes during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>The availability of more food due to agricultural improvements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable feature characterized Britain's approach to industrialization compared to other nations?

    <p>Integration of advanced technology into manufacturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of the cottage industry system in Britain?

    <p>To allow women to independently produce cotton cloth at home.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a fundamental change brought about by the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>A shift from rural living to urbanization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did outside powers play in the nationalism movement during the waning of Ottoman control?

    <p>They helped various nationalist movements achieve independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agricultural advancement was introduced before the Industrial Revolution to improve productivity?

    <p>The seed drill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one outcome of the increased mechanization of production during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>A dramatic change in society and economies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire?

    <p>The mandatory standardization of curriculum in local schools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Nationalism' refer to in the context of this content?

    <p>A movement prioritizing national identity and independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the relationship between nationalism and Ottomanism during the 19th century?

    <p>Ottomanism intensified nationalist sentiments among ethnic groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shift in political organization is suggested for the future of nationalism?

    <p>Nations may give way to larger political groupings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the introduction of the potato from South America impact society during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>It increased the calorie availability in people's diets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic shift occurred as a result of the commercial revolution and maritime empires?

    <p>The rise of the British cotton cloth industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early workplace structure is associated with the rigid organization of factory work during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>A division of labor approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major factor that contributed to the Ottoman Empire's decline in the 1800s?

    <p>Palace coups and declining trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major reform did Muhammad Ali implement in Egypt to modernize its economy?

    <p>Increased taxes on peasants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event in 1853 pressured Japan to open its ports to foreign trade?

    <p>The arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups ruled Egypt before Muhammad Ali's rise to power?

    <p>Mamluks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After which war did the Ottoman Empire start to face threats from nationalist movements?

    <p>World War I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of government did Japan establish after the Meiji Restoration?

    <p>Constitutional monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of Japan's industrialization during the Meiji period?

    <p>Establishment of a modern educational system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy did Japan adopt in response to Western pressure in the mid-19th century?

    <p>Adopting Western technologies and reforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic impact did Muhammad Ali's reforms have on agriculture in Egypt?

    <p>Increased profits from agricultural exports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the central government in Japan change during the late 19th century?

    <p>Strengthened to resist Western influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major effect of China's experiences in the 19th century?

    <p>Loss of territory to foreign powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of educational reforms were initiated during the Meiji Restoration in Japan?

    <p>Emphasis on technical and vocational training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which industry did Muhammad Ali focus on developing in Egypt to compete internationally?

    <p>Shipbuilding and armaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fate of the Ottoman Empire after World War I?

    <p>It was completely dismantled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary reason for the British to close mines in India after the Rebellion of 1857?

    <p>To prevent the extraction of lead for ammunition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Arms Act of 1878 affect India's mining industry?

    <p>It restricted access to minerals and firearm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did British colonial rule have on the textile industry in India?

    <p>It imposed a tax that undermined local textile production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technological advancement in the Industrial Revolution allowed for mobile energy production?

    <p>The steam engine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which development was a key outcome of the second industrial revolution?

    <p>The introduction of electrification and electronics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did steam-powered ships change global trade?

    <p>They could quickly navigate upstream on rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of using coke in iron production?

    <p>It allowed for larger iron producing furnaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region did NOT benefit significantly from the technological advances of the second industrial revolution?

    <p>Colonial India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major factor contributing to the decline of Egypt's textile industry by the mid-19th century?

    <p>Growth in European textile production overshadowing local output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception did the prolonged abandonment of mines in India create?

    <p>That India's mineral resources were inaccessible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a key reason for the British government's actions in India during the industrial period?

    <p>To suppress Indian self-sufficiency in production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main impact of the introduction of railroads during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>It decreased transportation costs significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were coaling stations used for during the rise of steam-powered ships?

    <p>To refuel steam-powered ships on trade routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a characteristic of the labor-intensive mining methods in India post-colonial rule?

    <p>They contributed to a perception of resource inaccessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    5.1 The Enlightenment

    • Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason over tradition and individualism over community, challenging monarchies and church authority.
    • This movement, rooted in the Scientific Revolution and Renaissance humanism, was optimistic, believing reason applied to natural laws would bring progress.
    • Natural laws were also believed to govern social and political spheres, although traditional religion remained influential.
    • New social and economic theories like socialism and liberalism emerged, countered by conservatism, particularly within the European ruling class.
    • Revolutions in this era often sought independence and constitutional representation, leading to the dissolution of empires and establishment of new governments based on new concepts of intense loyalty to shared language and culture (nationalism).
    • Francis Bacon emphasized empirical methods (knowledge through observation and experimentation instead of relying on tradition or religion).
    • Thomas Hobbes believed the natural state of humans was bleak (nasty, brutish, and short), requiring a strong central government in exchange for rights.
    • John Locke posited that the social contract implied the right, potentially responsibility, to revolt against unjust governance, asserting natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
    • Locke's "tabula rasa" concept, suggesting that a child's mind is a blank slate, was revolutionary within the context of inherited intelligence.
    • The 18th-century philosophes, including Jefferson, Franklin, Smith, and various French thinkers, explored social, political, and economic theories and popularized concepts based on scientific inquiry.
    • Baron Montesquieu's "The Spirit of Laws" influenced the American system of separating executive, legislative, and judiciary branches.
    • Voltaire advocated for civil liberties, religious tolerance, and judicial reform, documented in his writing and international correspondence (especially with Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia).
    • Jean-Jacques Rousseau expanded upon the social contract concept, formulating the "General Will" and its importance in sovereign governance. Rousseau was an optimist that society could improve.
    • Adam Smith, in "The Wealth of Nations," advocated for freer trade (laissez-faire economics), challenging mercantilism. This laid a basis for capitalism.
    • Deism emerged, focusing on reason and the belief that a divinity set natural laws in motion.

    5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions

    • Revolutions, viewed by conservatives as disruptive and negative, were driven by common people's desire for constitutional government and democratic practices.
    • The American Revolution drew inspiration from European Enlightenment philosophy and physiocrat economic ideas opposing mercantilism.
    • The Declaration of Independence, authored by Thomas Jefferson, emphasized unalienable rights derived from Locke.
    • The New Zealand Wars conflict arose from British colonization, increased control over Maori affairs, and land pressures.
    • The French Revolution, fueled by economic instability (including financial support to the Americans), and inequality in the Estates-General, resulted in the establishment of a National Assembly and a period of radical change.
    • The French Revolution's key slogan was liberty, equality, and fraternity.
    • Events such as the storming of the Bastille and peasant uprisings contributed to the revolution's momentum.
    • The Haitian Revolution, initiated by enslaved people fighting against French rule, resulted in Haiti's independence and abolition of slavery.
    • Toussaint L'Ouverture led the Haitian rebellion, resulting in Haiti being the first Latin American country to gain independence and the first black-led nation in the Western Hemisphere.
    • Creole revolutions in Latin America saw creoles (born of European ancestry in the Americas) seeking independence from Spain, often driven by economic and political grievances against Spanish mercantilism and colonial rule.
    • Simon Bolivar led revolutionary efforts resulting in the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru .
    • Strong regional leaders, known as caudillos, arose in the newly independent Latin American countries.
    • Lola Rodriguez de Tio was a notable Puerto Rican poet who advocated against Spanish rule..
    • Rizal's role in the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines, which advocated greater autonomy, contributed to the Philippine Revolution.
    • Nationalism, a sense of common identity among people sharing language, culture, and history, fueled efforts to unify countries and challenge empires (Italy, Germany, and other Balkan territories).
    • The unification of Germany and Italy involved wars and political maneuvering.

    5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins

    • The Industrial Revolution, marked by increased mechanization of production, transformed society by increasing world population, shifting migration from farm to city, and expanding the production and consumption of goods.
    • Agircultural improvements, such as crop rotation and seed drills, increased food production, fueling population growth.
    • Industrialization's roots were in the Columbian Exchange, maritime trade, increased agricultural productivity, and accumulation of capital.
    • Early British society mostly relied on rural agriculture and home production.
    • The cottage industry, or putting-out system, emerged as an intermediary between merchants and weavers, using imported raw Indian cotton.
    • Key inventions like the spinning jenny and water frame, mechanized textile production, leading to the establishment of factories.
    • The factory system, with specialization of labor and interchangeable parts (invented by Eli Whitney for firearms), enabled mass production and increased efficiency..

    5.4 Industrialization Spreads

    • Industrialization, starting in Britain, spread to other areas including Belgium, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and the United States.
    • Factors common to industrializing countries included capital, natural resources, and water transportation.
    • The U.S. industrial revolution, driven by human capital (labor) drawn from European and East Asian immigration, combined with domestic migration, led to its industrial dominance by 1900.
    • Agricultural products were key trade goods during this period.
    • The Trans-Siberian Railroad significantly aided Russia's industrialization.
    • Japan's industrialization involved a conscious adaptation of Western technology and institutions, aimed at securing its traditions while acquiring the means to protect itself.
    • British colonization impacted India's shipbuilding, mineral industries, and textile production in attempts to undermine their industries.
    • Egypt's textile industry faced challenges from Europe's industrialization

    5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age

    • Technology was crucial in the Industrial Revolution's spread, improving access to resources and product distribution.
    • Advancements like the steam engine powered railroads, ships, and factories.
    • The second industrial revolution (late 19th and early 20th centuries) involved new innovations in chemicals, steel, machinery, and electronics.
    • Steam engines, utilizing coal power, replaced water power as engines could be utilized for ships and trains.
    • Steamships revolutionized ocean travel, replacing sailing ships and enabling greater access to and transportation of goods.
    • Coal became essential for iron production, leading to improvements in construction materials, including steel.
    • The Bessemer Process enabled mass production of steel.
    • Petroleum, and subsequently its product, kerosene, became important sources of energy and fuel, leading towards gasoline.
    • Electricity became a significant power source, impacting street lighting, transportation, and communication technologies.
    • Telegraphs, telephones, and radios improved global communication.
    • Transportation methods (railroads, steamships) connected global markets and intensified the need for resources.

    5.6 Industrialization: Government's Role

    • Western technology and ideas were adopted in various ways across different nations.
    • The Ottoman Empire, facing corruption, decline, and ethnic nationalism, was seen as "the sick man of Europe".
    • China, weakened by the Opium Wars and spheres of influence, lacked a strong central government for industrialization.
    • Japan's Meiji Restoration saw a systematic adoption of Western institutions and technology, aimed at preserving traditional values while gaining the means to protect them.
    • Muhammad Ali's reforms in Egypt involved modernized military, education, and government institutions. His industrialization efforts in Egypt aimed at developing textile and armament production, and creating a navy to assert Egyptian independence.
    • Japan modeled its government, military, and education system after Western models.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Unit 5– Revolutions (The Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution)

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser