5.1-5.6

An intellectual and cultural movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and progress, challenging traditional authority.

The belief that knowledge comes from sensory experiences and empirical observation.

A philosophical approach that values individual liberty, limited government, and free markets.

A political and economic philosophy advocating for collective ownership and control of the means of production.

A political ideology that supports traditional values and institutions, often resisting change.

A strong sense of loyalty and attachment to one's nation, often based on shared language, culture, and history.

A period marked by the emergence of new ideas and philosophies, including liberalism, socialism, and conservatism.

The transition from traditional forms of government to more modern, representative systems.

A philosophical concept that emphasizes reasoning and observation over tradition or religion as the basis for knowledge.

A political theory where individuals give up some rights in exchange for a strong central government to maintain order.

Thomas Hobbes believed that people's natural state is one of aggression and chaos, leading to a "nasty, brutish, and short" life.

John Locke argued that the social contract requires citizens to rebel against unjust government, upholding natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Locke's belief that individuals are born with blank minds, shaped by experiences and education.

A group of 18th-century thinkers who explored social, political, and economic theories using reason and logic.

Baron Montesquieu's idea that power should be divided between separate government branches to prevent tyranny.

Voltaire's advocacy for religious freedom and tolerance, challenging religious authority.

Rousseau's belief that a society's collective will should guide government actions.

Adam Smith's economic theory that promotes free trade and minimal government interference in the market.

Adam Smith's concept of an invisible force that guides market activity to benefit society.

An economic system where private individuals own and operate businesses for profit.

A belief that a divine being created natural laws and then left the universe to operate on its own.

Thomas Paine's defense of Deism, emphasizing reason over religious dogma.

A crucial period of European intellectual history (1250-1789) that saw the rise of scholasticism, humanism, and the Enlightenment.

A period of intellectual and cultural change that emphasized reason, human potential, and critical thinking, which challenged traditional beliefs and practices.

A philosophical movement that focused on the study of human nature, emphasizing reason, individualism, and human potential.

A period characterized by profound changes in science, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy, driven by empirical observation and rational inquiry.

A set of beliefs that emphasized reason, individual rights, and limited government, advocating for free markets and individual liberty.

An advocate for greater female rights and equality based on Enlightenment principles, arguing for the importance of education for women.

The idea that society can be improved by creating ideal communities based on cooperative living and social harmony.

A French thinker who believed that society could be improved by utilizing science and technology to create efficient and beneficial workspaces.

A proponent of utopian socialism who believed in the importance of harmonious living and work environments, urging workers to embrace their passions.

A prominent social reformer who advocated for communal living, educational opportunities for children, and community-based governance.

A group of socialist thinkers who believed in gradual social change and reform through parliamentary means.

An ideological movement that emphasizes the moral imperative to end slavery, challenging the practice as unjust and inhumane.

The movement aimed at promoting the rights and equality of women, advocating for their right to vote, hold property, and participate in public life.

The process of ending slavery, often with the goal of granting freedom to enslaved individuals.

The belief that individuals should have the right to self-determination and control over their own destiny.

A political philosopher known for advocating for natural rights, including life, liberty, and property, which were later adapted into the Declaration of Independence.

A form of government where citizens are responsible for electing representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

This involved challenging established political and social structures in favor of a more egalitarian and just society.

A philosophical and political ideology emphasizing individual liberty, limited government, and free markets.

The belief that people should be free to practice their own religion without government interference.

The belief that knowledge is gained through sensory experiences and empirical observations.

A fundamental principle in Western philosophy that emphasizes the inherent worth and rights of each individual.

The idea that the government should not interfere in economic affairs and allow the free market to operate without regulation.

A period marked by the emergence of new ideas and philosophies, including liberalism, socialism, and conservatism.

The belief that people owe allegiance to their nation and its culture, often based on shared language, history, and values.

The belief that individuals are born without innate knowledge or ideas, and their minds are blank slates.

This concept suggests that individuals consent to be governed by the government in exchange for protection and benefits.

The process of uniting different regions or states into a single, unified nation.

The belief in practical politics, prioritizing national interests and power over ideology or morality.

The Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, a key figure in Italian unification who skillfully used diplomacy and war to bring about a unified Italy under the House of Savoy.

The movement for Italian independence and unification in the 19th century.

A military force led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, known for their distinctive red shirts, who played a crucial role in unifying southern Italy.

The Prime Minister of Prussia who used nationalist feelings and war to unify Germany under Prussian leadership.

A series of wars orchestrated by Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany, including the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War.

The period between 1870 and 1914 in Europe characterized by increasing tensions and alliances among powerful nations, ultimately leading to World War I.

The historical process of European powers establishing colonies and expanding their influence in regions outside of Europe.

The Ottoman Empire, a large and powerful empire that controlled territory in southeastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa for centuries.

The gradual decline and loss of power experienced by the Ottoman Empire, starting in the 17th century.

The emergence of national identities and movements in the Balkan region, fueled by exposure to Western ideas and a desire for independence from Ottoman rule.

The process of a nation gaining independence or self-governance.

The events surrounding Greece's struggle for independence from Ottoman control in the early 19th century, involving cultural revival, armed resistance, and international intervention.

People of mixed European and African heritage.

A powerful local leader with a strong regional following.

The desire for independence from Spain among the creole class in South America.

A group of people born in the Americas of European descent, but with a desire for autonomy from Spain.

A social and political system in which power is held by a small group of privileged and wealthy individuals.

The period following the wars of independence in Latin America, marked by instability and the rise of strongmen like caudillos.

A document written by Simon Bolivar in which he outlines his vision for Latin America, advocating for freedom and enlightenment ideals.

The period of social and political upheaval in France, marked by violence and the rise of new political ideas.

A movement in the Philippines during the 19th century that aimed to gain more autonomy from Spanish rule, focusing on peaceful means rather than revolution.

A person born in the Americas of Spanish descent.

Lola Rodríguez de Tió, a poet and revolutionary figure who challenged Spanish rule in Puerto Rico.

A revolutionary song written by Lola Rodríguez de Tió that inspired Puerto Ricans to fight for their independence.

The ability to read and write, used as a qualification for voting in some Latin American countries during the 19th century.

The idea that individuals are born with certain inherent rights, including the right to life, liberty, and property.

A late 19th-century movement within the Ottoman Empire aimed at creating a unified, modern state by reducing ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences.

The increased mechanization of production and the accompanying social changes that occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries.

A system of farming that rotates different crops each year to improve soil fertility and increase yields.

A device that efficiently plants seeds in the ground, increasing agricultural productivity.

The process of moving people from rural areas to urban centers, often driven by industrialization and job opportunities.

The period of time before the Industrial Revolution, characterized by manual labor and agriculture.

A system where merchants provided raw materials to workers who produced finished goods in their homes, often used in the early British textile industry.

The exchange of goods and ideas between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (Americas) after Columbus's voyage in 1492, influencing the Industrial Revolution.

The use of maritime power and trade, leading to the expansion of empires and global trade, contributing to the Industrial Revolution.

The accumulation of wealth and financial resources, often invested in businesses and industries, fuelling the Industrial Revolution.

The growth of a population due to factors such as increased food production, better health care, and lower mortality rates.

The decline in the number of babies who die before their first birthday, often attributed to improvements in health care and sanitation.

The process of transforming raw materials into manufactured goods using machines and factories.

The system of producing large quantities of goods efficiently and cheaply, often using machines in factories during the Industrial Revolution.

The process of shifting from manual labor and hand-made goods to machine production and factories.

A revolution in farming techniques, including crop rotation and the seed drill, which increased food production and led to population growth.

A system where tasks are divided among workers, each specializing in a specific step of production. It was a key factor in increasing efficiency in factories.

The invention of new machines, like the spinning jenny and water frame, revolutionized textile production, leading to mass production of cloth.

A system of production based on specialized machines and factories, where workers are employed to operate the machines, replacing the cottage industry.

A process of making identical parts that can be easily assembled or replaced. This enabled mass production and reduced costs.

The use of coal and steam power to drive machines and factories, a key factor in the Industrial Revolution.

The spread of industrial practices and technologies from Britain to other countries, such as Belgium, France, Germany, the US, Russia, and Japan.

A country's total workforce, including skilled and unskilled workers. A strong workforce was crucial for the success of the Industrial Revolution.

The process of transforming raw materials into finished goods. It was revolutionized by the Industrial Revolution using machines.

The ability to easily transport goods and people, often through waterways, which was crucial for the growth of industry.

The movement of people leaving rural areas to work in factories in cities, seeking better job opportunities and economic advancement.

The ability to invest money in businesses and industries, which was a crucial factor driving the Industrial Revolution.

The French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799, marked by the overthrow of the monarchy, the rise of republicanism, and a series of revolutionary wars.

The French Revolution was sparked by a combination of factors, including economic woes, social inequality, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas. These ideas, which promoted liberty, equality, and fraternity, questioned traditional power structures and sparked calls for reform.

The Estates-General, a representative body of three estates (clergy, nobility, and commoners), was convened to address France's financial crisis. However, inequality in voting rights led to a deadlock, with the commoners forming the National Assembly to push for reforms and representation.

The Storming of the Bastille, a former prison symbolizing royal tyranny and oppression, on July 14, 1789, marked the beginning of the French Revolution. It ignited widespread rebellion and empowered the people to challenge the monarch's authority.

The French Revolution saw the abolishment of feudalism, a system of social hierarchy and landownership, which granted privileges to the nobility while burdening the commoners. This change established equality before the law and empowered the peasants.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, proclaimed by the National Assembly, declared fundamental human rights, including liberty, equality, and fraternity. It served as a blueprint for legal and political reform, establishing individual rights as a basis for a new society.

The Reign of Terror, a period of extreme political violence and executions, was initiated by radical groups, including the Jacobins, who sought to eliminate counter-revolutionaries and consolidate their power. The execution of Louis XVI, the king, symbolized the shift away from monarchy.

The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was a successful slave rebellion against French colonial rule in Haiti. This revolution, fueled by Enlightenment ideals and inspired by the French Revolution, led to the establishment of Haiti as the first independent black republic in the Western Hemisphere.

Toussaint L'Ouverture, a leader of the Haitian Revolution, was a skilled strategist and revolutionary who led the fight against French colonial rule. Despite betrayal and imprisonment, he played a crucial role in securing the abolition of slavery and establishing a new Haitian society.

The Haitian Revolution was marked by a profound commitment to racial equality and the abolition of slavery. It challenged colonial power structures and set a powerful precedent for revolutions against oppression in the Americas.

Creoles, individuals born in the Americas of European ancestry, were a significant social group in Latin America. They played a prominent role in many Latin American revolutions, fueled by a desire for political and economic autonomy from Spain and Portugal.

The Latin American revolutions, inspired by Enlightenment ideals and influenced by the American and French revolutions, sought to overthrow colonial rule and establish independent republics. These revolutions led to the creation of new nations in Latin America, transforming the political landscape of the region.

Mercantilism, the economic doctrine prevalent in colonial times, imposed strict trade restrictions on colonies, requiring them to trade exclusively with their mother country. This system fostered resentment among Creoles, who sought economic freedom and opportunities.

The Latin American revolutions, driven by Creole aspirations for greater political power and economic control, resulted in the creation of independent states like Mexico, Argentina, and Chile. These revolutions marked a turning point in Latin American history, ushering in a new era of self-governance and national identity.

The Latin American revolutions, while inspired by Enlightenment ideals, also reflected the complex social dynamics within the colonies. The emergence of independent nations in Latin America led to a mix of political systems, ranging from republican democracy to authoritarian rule, reflecting the ongoing struggles for power and representation.

The process of using new technologies and machinery to produce textiles more efficiently in factories, which led to the decline of traditional cottage industries.

A machine invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s that allowed weavers to spin multiple threads simultaneously, greatly increasing yarn production.

A machine patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769 that utilized waterpower to drive spinning wheels, revolutionizing textile production.

The system of producing goods by breaking down the process into smaller, specialized tasks, allowing for greater efficiency and production.

A system of manufacturing where identical parts are used in a product, making it easier to assemble, repair, and replace parts.

A continuous production system where products move along a conveyor belt, with specialized workers completing specific tasks at each station.

A process where the government fences off common land, giving exclusive rights to individuals to use it, often for farming or other commercial purposes.

The growth of cities, driven by factors such as industrialization, migration, and urbanization.

The large deposits of coal found in Britain, which provided a vital energy source for the Industrial Revolution, powering steam engines and iron production.

The process of extracting iron from its ore, made possible by the use of coal as an energy source.

The legal protection of property rights, which encouraged investment and innovation during the Industrial Revolution.

The abundance of rivers and waterways in Britain, which facilitated transportation of raw materials and finished goods, aiding industrial growth.

The strong British navy protected trade routes and ensured the safe transport of goods, contributing to the success of industrialization.

The availability of capital, or money to invest in businesses, which was crucial for funding new industrial ventures.

The increase in population during the Industrial Revolution, driven by improvements in agriculture and the movement of people from rural areas to cities.

The Meiji Restoration was a period of rapid modernization in Japan (1868-1912) where the government embraced Western ideas and technologies to strengthen the country.

The Meiji government invested heavily in industrialization, building railroads, roads, and supporting industries like tea, silk, and weapons manufacturing. This rapid growth was fueled by high agricultural taxes.

While Japan modernized quickly, it also experienced some of the negative effects of industrialization, such as worker exploitation, similar to issues faced by British mill workers in the 19th century.

The Meiji government's policies were successful in transforming Japan into a modern nation, but they also led to social and economic problems. Some of the problems, such as worker exploitation, are reminiscent of similar issues faced by Western nations during their own industrialization process.

The Meiji Restoration had a profound impact on Japan, transforming it from a feudal society into a modern industrialized nation. However, this rapid modernization came with both positive and negative consequences, reflecting a pattern seen in other nations undergoing similar transformations.

A process developed in 1856 that revolutionized steel production by using air to remove impurities from molten metal.

A crucial component of the second industrial revolution that revolutionized transportation and communication.

Fossil fuels derived from plant and animal remains, used for energy production.

Invented in 1876, a revolutionary communication device that allowed for instant voice transmission over distances.

A method of communication using radio waves, developed in the early 20th century, allowing for wireless transmission of signals.

A railroad connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in the United States, completed in 1869, which facilitated industrial growth and transportation.

The period of technological innovation and industrial growth that occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by advancements in steel, chemicals, and electricity.

A term used to describe the declining Ottoman Empire, struggling with corruption, nationalism, and technological backwardness.

A strategy adopted by some nations to embrace Western technologies and innovations to boost productivity and economic growth.

A type of nationalism that emphasizes the importance of a nation's cultural and ethnic identity, often leading to separatist movements.

A period of intense political and social change, characterized by the rise of nationalism, liberalism, and social reform movements.

A policy of embracing a nation's traditions and values, often resisting assimilation and modernization.

The British government restricted access to minerals and metalworking in India, particularly in Rajasthan, fearing an uprising and ammunition production.

The Arms Act of 1878 was a British law regulating the possession and production of firearms in India, ultimately hindering the development of a local weapons industry.

After the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the British government further tightened its control over India, seeking to prevent another uprising.

The British saw the potential use of Indian mines for lead production, fearing the creation of ammunition for an uprising.

The British textile mills in Lancaster pressured the Indian government to impose a tax on Indian textile mills, aiming to undermine their profitability and protect their own interests.

The thriving textile industry in India posed a threat to the British textile mills in Lancaster, which prompted them to lobby for protectionist measures.

The growth in European textile production in the 19th century led to Egypt losing both export and domestic markets for its textiles.

James Watt's steam engine, introduced in 1765, provided a cheaper and more mobile power source for textile factories, fueling the growth of the Industrial Revolution.

Coal powered steam engines, unlike earlier water-powered machines, were mobile and could be used in various industries, such as trains and ships.

The use of coal as a fuel source for steam engines made it possible to power ships on journeys across oceans, eliminating dependence on wind.

Coaling stations, located strategically at critical points on trade routes, became vital for refueling steam-powered ships.

Coke, a refined form of coal, enabled the production of larger furnaces and increased output of iron, driving industrial growth.

The development of wrought iron, a more workable form of iron than cast iron, further expanded the applications of iron in industries and transportation.

Innovations in iron production, driven by coal and new processes, led to the mass production of iron, a key component in the Industrial Revolution.

The process of collapsing or breaking down, often referring to the gradual disintegration of a political entity or state.

The Republic of Turkey was formed after World War I, replacing the Ottoman Empire in its core territories.

A situation where power is not held by anyone or any group, often leading to chaos or instability.

The Opium Wars (1839-1842 and 1856-1860) were conflicts between China and Britain over the British trade in opium.

Foreign powers dividing a country into areas of influence for economic and political control.

The process by which a country adopts new technologies, ideas, and practices to become modernized and industrialized.

The Meiji Restoration (1868) was a period of rapid modernization in Japan, where traditional feudalism was replaced by a modern, centralized state.

A ruler who holds absolute power and authority, often claiming divine rights.

A ruling system in which a monarch (king or queen) holds power with limited or no limitations.

The process of recruiting people for military service, which was implemented by Meiji Japan to build a modernized army.

The Mamluks were a military caste comprised of former Turkish slaves who had risen to power and ruled in Egypt for centuries.

Muhammad Ali was a prominent Albanian Ottoman officer who rose to become the governor of Egypt, initiating reforms and modernization efforts.

The use of state power to promote economic development, often including industrialization, infrastructure projects, and financial policies.