Podcast
Questions and Answers
What primary concept did Enlightenment thinkers emphasize over tradition?
What primary concept did Enlightenment thinkers emphasize over tradition?
- Faith
- Ritual
- Reason (correct)
- Emotion
What was one of the significant outcomes of the clash between new ideas and old political structures during the Enlightenment?
What was one of the significant outcomes of the clash between new ideas and old political structures during the Enlightenment?
- Expansion of monarchies
- Emergence of new forms of government (correct)
- Maintaining existing colonial powers
- Establishment of absolute rule
Which of the following ideologies emerged from Enlightenment thought?
Which of the following ideologies emerged from Enlightenment thought?
- Theocracy
- Feudalism
- Monarchical Absolutism
- Socialism (correct)
Who emphasized empirical methods of scientific inquiry during the 17th century?
Who emphasized empirical methods of scientific inquiry during the 17th century?
The feeling of intense loyalty to one's language and culture that threatened multiethnic empires is referred to as what?
The feeling of intense loyalty to one's language and culture that threatened multiethnic empires is referred to as what?
What did Enlightenment thinkers see as a means to achieving societal progress?
What did Enlightenment thinkers see as a means to achieving societal progress?
What aspect of religion changed during the Enlightenment period?
What aspect of religion changed during the Enlightenment period?
Which of the following was a significant aim of the revolutions influenced by Enlightenment thought?
Which of the following was a significant aim of the revolutions influenced by Enlightenment thought?
What slogan encapsulated the revolutionary ideals in France during the 1780s?
What slogan encapsulated the revolutionary ideals in France during the 1780s?
What significant event occurred on July 14, 1789, in France?
What significant event occurred on July 14, 1789, in France?
Who was the leader of the Haitian revolution that aimed to abolish slavery?
Who was the leader of the Haitian revolution that aimed to abolish slavery?
What was one result of the French Revolution's early changes?
What was one result of the French Revolution's early changes?
Which country was the first to ban the slave trade?
Which country was the first to ban the slave trade?
What did the National Assembly replace after breaking away from the Estates-General?
What did the National Assembly replace after breaking away from the Estates-General?
What did L'Ouverture achieve for Haiti in 1801?
What did L'Ouverture achieve for Haiti in 1801?
What event prompted the growth of Zionism in the late 19th century?
What event prompted the growth of Zionism in the late 19th century?
What key rights did Thomas Jefferson highlight in the Declaration of Independence?
What key rights did Thomas Jefferson highlight in the Declaration of Independence?
Which period marked the execution of thousands during the French Revolution?
Which period marked the execution of thousands during the French Revolution?
What was one of the primary motivations for the creoles in Latin America to seek independence?
What was one of the primary motivations for the creoles in Latin America to seek independence?
What was a major characteristic of serfdom in Europe during the transition to industrialization?
What was a major characteristic of serfdom in Europe during the transition to industrialization?
Who was the prominent figure leading the Zionist movement?
Who was the prominent figure leading the Zionist movement?
Which factor significantly differed between the Haitian and French revolutions?
Which factor significantly differed between the Haitian and French revolutions?
What was a consequence of the Haitian Revolution in 1804?
What was a consequence of the Haitian Revolution in 1804?
Which was the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery?
Which was the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery?
What was the political impact of the American Revolution?
What was the political impact of the American Revolution?
Who succeeded Toussaint L'Ouverture after his imprisonment?
Who succeeded Toussaint L'Ouverture after his imprisonment?
What were the commoners in France known for in the Estates-General?
What were the commoners in France known for in the Estates-General?
What happened to the number of enslaved people in the United States after 1808?
What happened to the number of enslaved people in the United States after 1808?
What was a notable feature of the New Zealand Wars between the Maori and the British?
What was a notable feature of the New Zealand Wars between the Maori and the British?
Which document is associated with the justification of the American colonies' separation from British control?
Which document is associated with the justification of the American colonies' separation from British control?
Which of the following events marked the decline of serfdom in Europe?
Which of the following events marked the decline of serfdom in Europe?
What was a main reason for the failure of the Zionist movement initially?
What was a main reason for the failure of the Zionist movement initially?
What role did anti-Semitism play in the Dreyfus Affair?
What role did anti-Semitism play in the Dreyfus Affair?
Which of the following best describes the social spirit of American colonists prior to the American Revolution?
Which of the following best describes the social spirit of American colonists prior to the American Revolution?
What was a key characteristic of Enlightenment thinkers?
What was a key characteristic of Enlightenment thinkers?
What did Thomas Hobbes advocate for in his philosophical writings?
What did Thomas Hobbes advocate for in his philosophical writings?
Who is known for their contributions to utopian socialism?
Who is known for their contributions to utopian socialism?
Which Enlightenment figure wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women'?
Which Enlightenment figure wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women'?
What was one of the main goals of classical liberalism?
What was one of the main goals of classical liberalism?
What significant event took place at Seneca Falls in 1848?
What significant event took place at Seneca Falls in 1848?
Which philosopher is known for opposing class struggle in his utopian socialism vision?
Which philosopher is known for opposing class struggle in his utopian socialism vision?
What did the Enlightenment emphasize regarding government and rights?
What did the Enlightenment emphasize regarding government and rights?
What was the main belief underlying conservatism during this period?
What was the main belief underlying conservatism during this period?
What did the 'Declaration of Sentiments' demand?
What did the 'Declaration of Sentiments' demand?
Which of the following thinkers is associated with the idea of natural rights?
Which of the following thinkers is associated with the idea of natural rights?
What did Enlightenment thinkers propose as a solution for issues caused by urbanization?
What did Enlightenment thinkers propose as a solution for issues caused by urbanization?
Who wrote 'The Prince,' a practical book reflecting on political realism?
Who wrote 'The Prince,' a practical book reflecting on political realism?
Which ideology sought to reform society gradually through parliamentary means?
Which ideology sought to reform society gradually through parliamentary means?
What did Thomas Hobbes believe about people's natural state?
What did Thomas Hobbes believe about people's natural state?
Which philosopher proposed that citizens have the responsibility to revolt against unjust governments?
Which philosopher proposed that citizens have the responsibility to revolt against unjust governments?
What key concept did John Locke contribute to the understanding of human development?
What key concept did John Locke contribute to the understanding of human development?
What did Baron Montesquieu advocate in his work 'The Spirit of Laws'?
What did Baron Montesquieu advocate in his work 'The Spirit of Laws'?
Which idea is associated with Adam Smith in 'The Wealth of Nations'?
Which idea is associated with Adam Smith in 'The Wealth of Nations'?
Which belief aligns with Deism during the Enlightenment?
Which belief aligns with Deism during the Enlightenment?
What is the meaning of the term 'General Will' as proposed by Rousseau?
What is the meaning of the term 'General Will' as proposed by Rousseau?
What was Voltaire best known for during his lifetime?
What was Voltaire best known for during his lifetime?
Which of the following was a central theme in Rousseau's writings?
Which of the following was a central theme in Rousseau's writings?
What approach did Adam Smith advocate for regarding government and economic decisions?
What approach did Adam Smith advocate for regarding government and economic decisions?
What role did Thomas Paine play in shaping public opinion during the Enlightenment?
What role did Thomas Paine play in shaping public opinion during the Enlightenment?
Which idea did the philosophes aim to explore during the Enlightenment?
Which idea did the philosophes aim to explore during the Enlightenment?
What significant impact did Montesquieu have on the American government?
What significant impact did Montesquieu have on the American government?
What did the Enlightenment thinkers generally reject in their philosophy?
What did the Enlightenment thinkers generally reject in their philosophy?
What was a significant method used by the Japanese government to finance industrialization?
What was a significant method used by the Japanese government to finance industrialization?
Which industry did the Japanese government NOT notably subsidize during its industrialization efforts?
Which industry did the Japanese government NOT notably subsidize during its industrialization efforts?
What was one major social issue that arose from Japan's rapid industrialization?
What was one major social issue that arose from Japan's rapid industrialization?
What was a direct outcome of the government's ability to collect increased taxes during Japan's industrialization?
What was a direct outcome of the government's ability to collect increased taxes during Japan's industrialization?
Which of the following problems did Japan replicate from Western industrial societies?
Which of the following problems did Japan replicate from Western industrial societies?
What was a primary factor driving nationalism in France and other parts of Europe during the rise of nationalism?
What was a primary factor driving nationalism in France and other parts of Europe during the rise of nationalism?
Who led the efforts to unify Italy under the House of Savoy?
Who led the efforts to unify Italy under the House of Savoy?
What strategy did Cavour adopt to advance Italian unity?
What strategy did Cavour adopt to advance Italian unity?
Which two wars were instrumental in Otto von Bismarck's strategy for German unification?
Which two wars were instrumental in Otto von Bismarck's strategy for German unification?
How did Greece achieve independence from Ottoman control?
How did Greece achieve independence from Ottoman control?
What was the majority of the Italian population speaking before unification?
What was the majority of the Italian population speaking before unification?
What role did the Papal States play in the unification of Italy?
What role did the Papal States play in the unification of Italy?
What event marked the founding of the new German Empire?
What event marked the founding of the new German Empire?
Which territory was gained by Prussia after the Franco-Prussian War?
Which territory was gained by Prussia after the Franco-Prussian War?
Which philosophical ideology did Giuseppe Mazzini promote to aid Cavour's efforts?
Which philosophical ideology did Giuseppe Mazzini promote to aid Cavour's efforts?
What triggered the revolutions of 1848 in Germany and other European states?
What triggered the revolutions of 1848 in Germany and other European states?
What impact did extreme nationalism have on the global stage by 1871?
What impact did extreme nationalism have on the global stage by 1871?
Why did many Italians emigrate in the late nineteenth century?
Why did many Italians emigrate in the late nineteenth century?
What characteristic did nationalism share in both Italian and German unification movements?
What characteristic did nationalism share in both Italian and German unification movements?
What was a result of Napoleon's conquests in Germanic areas?
What was a result of Napoleon's conquests in Germanic areas?
What was a major concern for creoles regarding supporting the independence of mestizos and indigenous people?
What was a major concern for creoles regarding supporting the independence of mestizos and indigenous people?
Which region did Simón Bolívar aim to unify under the ideals of the Enlightenment?
Which region did Simón Bolívar aim to unify under the ideals of the Enlightenment?
What was one significant societal impact of the revolutions in Latin America on women's rights?
What was one significant societal impact of the revolutions in Latin America on women's rights?
What was the predominant characteristic of the caudillos that emerged in Latin America after independence?
What was the predominant characteristic of the caudillos that emerged in Latin America after independence?
Which constitutionally imposed restriction effectively disenfranchised most indigenous people in Peru?
Which constitutionally imposed restriction effectively disenfranchised most indigenous people in Peru?
How did the ideas expressed in Simón Bolívar's 'Jamaica Letter' reflect his beliefs?
How did the ideas expressed in Simón Bolívar's 'Jamaica Letter' reflect his beliefs?
What role did Lola Rodríguez de Tió play in Puerto Rico's struggle for independence?
What role did Lola Rodríguez de Tió play in Puerto Rico's struggle for independence?
What characterizes the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines?
What characterizes the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines?
What was one consequence of the long wars of independence in Latin America?
What was one consequence of the long wars of independence in Latin America?
What was a major difference in the outcomes of revolutions in Haiti compared to Latin America?
What was a major difference in the outcomes of revolutions in Haiti compared to Latin America?
What was José Rizal's role in the movement against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines?
What was José Rizal's role in the movement against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines?
What issue did the independence movements in Latin America generally fail to address successfully?
What issue did the independence movements in Latin America generally fail to address successfully?
What was a shared feature of the newly independent Latin American countries regarding their governments?
What was a shared feature of the newly independent Latin American countries regarding their governments?
How were the social classes structured after the independence movements in Latin America?
How were the social classes structured after the independence movements in Latin America?
What process allowed for the mass production of steel in the 19th century?
What process allowed for the mass production of steel in the 19th century?
Which product was initially the most significant product derived from petroleum?
Which product was initially the most significant product derived from petroleum?
What important communication invention was patented by Alexander Graham Bell?
What important communication invention was patented by Alexander Graham Bell?
What was the role of electricity in the development of public services in the late 19th century?
What was the role of electricity in the development of public services in the late 19th century?
What technological development in transport linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the U.S.?
What technological development in transport linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the U.S.?
What form of mass media emerged from the advancements in communication technology during the industrial revolutions?
What form of mass media emerged from the advancements in communication technology during the industrial revolutions?
What was a significant outcome of the establishment of railroads during the industrial revolutions?
What was a significant outcome of the establishment of railroads during the industrial revolutions?
What was one of the main resources that industrialized countries sought to protect by establishing colonies?
What was one of the main resources that industrialized countries sought to protect by establishing colonies?
Which country was nicknamed 'the sick man of Europe' due to its failure to adopt Western technologies?
Which country was nicknamed 'the sick man of Europe' due to its failure to adopt Western technologies?
What energy source became prominent for heating and lighting in the mid-1800s?
What energy source became prominent for heating and lighting in the mid-1800s?
Which invention revolutionized industries and transportation with the development of internal combustion engines?
Which invention revolutionized industries and transportation with the development of internal combustion engines?
What was one major consequence of effective electrical generators being developed?
What was one major consequence of effective electrical generators being developed?
What significant change did the experiments with transmitting sound by electrical means lead to?
What significant change did the experiments with transmitting sound by electrical means lead to?
What industrial product facilitated the linking of farmers and manufacturers to investors globally?
What industrial product facilitated the linking of farmers and manufacturers to investors globally?
What was a major consequence of the shift from the cottage industry to the factory system in Britain?
What was a major consequence of the shift from the cottage industry to the factory system in Britain?
Which factor primarily delayed France's industrialization during the 19th century?
Which factor primarily delayed France's industrialization during the 19th century?
Which country was the first to industrialize in Asia?
Which country was the first to industrialize in Asia?
What significant factor contributed to the U.S. transformation into a leading industrial power by 1900?
What significant factor contributed to the U.S. transformation into a leading industrial power by 1900?
What effect did the British colonization have on India's shipbuilding industry?
What effect did the British colonization have on India's shipbuilding industry?
How did the introduction of the spinning machines impact the cottage industry?
How did the introduction of the spinning machines impact the cottage industry?
Which resource was crucial for Russia's industrial growth in the late 19th century?
Which resource was crucial for Russia's industrial growth in the late 19th century?
What was a defining characteristic of Germany's industrialization after its unification in 1871?
What was a defining characteristic of Germany's industrialization after its unification in 1871?
What role did agriculture play in the transformation of the economy during the Agricultural Revolution?
What role did agriculture play in the transformation of the economy during the Agricultural Revolution?
What was a major factor that allowed countries like France and Germany to industrialize after Britain?
What was a major factor that allowed countries like France and Germany to industrialize after Britain?
Which term describes the practice of providing raw materials to be processed at home before the Industrial Revolution?
Which term describes the practice of providing raw materials to be processed at home before the Industrial Revolution?
What was a key advancement in manufacturing introduced during the Industrial Revolution?
What was a key advancement in manufacturing introduced during the Industrial Revolution?
What was an outcome of the enclosure movement in agricultural practices?
What was an outcome of the enclosure movement in agricultural practices?
What innovation did the spinning jenny contribute to the textile industry?
What innovation did the spinning jenny contribute to the textile industry?
Which invention used waterpower to enhance yarn spinning efficiency?
Which invention used waterpower to enhance yarn spinning efficiency?
What was a significant effect of the introduction of interchangeable parts in manufacturing?
What was a significant effect of the introduction of interchangeable parts in manufacturing?
What role did coal play in Britain's industrialization?
What role did coal play in Britain's industrialization?
What geographic advantage did Britain have that facilitated trade during industrialization?
What geographic advantage did Britain have that facilitated trade during industrialization?
What was one consequence of the enclosure movement in Britain?
What was one consequence of the enclosure movement in Britain?
How did Henry Ford contribute to the concept of division of labor?
How did Henry Ford contribute to the concept of division of labor?
What factor significantly contributed to the accumulation of capital for British entrepreneurs?
What factor significantly contributed to the accumulation of capital for British entrepreneurs?
What was a major benefit of Britain's strong naval fleet during the Industrial Revolution?
What was a major benefit of Britain's strong naval fleet during the Industrial Revolution?
What legal aspect supported industrialization in Britain?
What legal aspect supported industrialization in Britain?
What was one reason for the decline of the household textile cottage industry?
What was one reason for the decline of the household textile cottage industry?
What factor led to a growing population in rural areas during the Industrial Revolution?
What factor led to a growing population in rural areas during the Industrial Revolution?
What was one major effect of Ottomanism on ethnic and religious groups within the Ottoman Empire?
What was one major effect of Ottomanism on ethnic and religious groups within the Ottoman Empire?
What societal change did the increased agricultural production lead to?
What societal change did the increased agricultural production lead to?
What was a significant contributor to the demographic changes during the Industrial Revolution?
What was a significant contributor to the demographic changes during the Industrial Revolution?
What notable feature characterized Britain's approach to industrialization compared to other nations?
What notable feature characterized Britain's approach to industrialization compared to other nations?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the cottage industry system in Britain?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the cottage industry system in Britain?
What was a fundamental change brought about by the Industrial Revolution?
What was a fundamental change brought about by the Industrial Revolution?
What role did outside powers play in the nationalism movement during the waning of Ottoman control?
What role did outside powers play in the nationalism movement during the waning of Ottoman control?
Which agricultural advancement was introduced before the Industrial Revolution to improve productivity?
Which agricultural advancement was introduced before the Industrial Revolution to improve productivity?
What was one outcome of the increased mechanization of production during the Industrial Revolution?
What was one outcome of the increased mechanization of production during the Industrial Revolution?
Which factor contributed to the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire?
Which factor contributed to the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire?
What does the term 'Nationalism' refer to in the context of this content?
What does the term 'Nationalism' refer to in the context of this content?
Which statement best reflects the relationship between nationalism and Ottomanism during the 19th century?
Which statement best reflects the relationship between nationalism and Ottomanism during the 19th century?
What shift in political organization is suggested for the future of nationalism?
What shift in political organization is suggested for the future of nationalism?
How did the introduction of the potato from South America impact society during the Industrial Revolution?
How did the introduction of the potato from South America impact society during the Industrial Revolution?
What economic shift occurred as a result of the commercial revolution and maritime empires?
What economic shift occurred as a result of the commercial revolution and maritime empires?
Which early workplace structure is associated with the rigid organization of factory work during the Industrial Revolution?
Which early workplace structure is associated with the rigid organization of factory work during the Industrial Revolution?
What was one major factor that contributed to the Ottoman Empire's decline in the 1800s?
What was one major factor that contributed to the Ottoman Empire's decline in the 1800s?
What major reform did Muhammad Ali implement in Egypt to modernize its economy?
What major reform did Muhammad Ali implement in Egypt to modernize its economy?
What significant event in 1853 pressured Japan to open its ports to foreign trade?
What significant event in 1853 pressured Japan to open its ports to foreign trade?
Which of the following groups ruled Egypt before Muhammad Ali's rise to power?
Which of the following groups ruled Egypt before Muhammad Ali's rise to power?
After which war did the Ottoman Empire start to face threats from nationalist movements?
After which war did the Ottoman Empire start to face threats from nationalist movements?
What type of government did Japan establish after the Meiji Restoration?
What type of government did Japan establish after the Meiji Restoration?
What was one consequence of Japan's industrialization during the Meiji period?
What was one consequence of Japan's industrialization during the Meiji period?
Which strategy did Japan adopt in response to Western pressure in the mid-19th century?
Which strategy did Japan adopt in response to Western pressure in the mid-19th century?
What economic impact did Muhammad Ali's reforms have on agriculture in Egypt?
What economic impact did Muhammad Ali's reforms have on agriculture in Egypt?
How did the central government in Japan change during the late 19th century?
How did the central government in Japan change during the late 19th century?
What was one major effect of China's experiences in the 19th century?
What was one major effect of China's experiences in the 19th century?
What type of educational reforms were initiated during the Meiji Restoration in Japan?
What type of educational reforms were initiated during the Meiji Restoration in Japan?
Which industry did Muhammad Ali focus on developing in Egypt to compete internationally?
Which industry did Muhammad Ali focus on developing in Egypt to compete internationally?
What was the fate of the Ottoman Empire after World War I?
What was the fate of the Ottoman Empire after World War I?
What was a primary reason for the British to close mines in India after the Rebellion of 1857?
What was a primary reason for the British to close mines in India after the Rebellion of 1857?
How did the Arms Act of 1878 affect India's mining industry?
How did the Arms Act of 1878 affect India's mining industry?
What impact did British colonial rule have on the textile industry in India?
What impact did British colonial rule have on the textile industry in India?
What technological advancement in the Industrial Revolution allowed for mobile energy production?
What technological advancement in the Industrial Revolution allowed for mobile energy production?
Which development was a key outcome of the second industrial revolution?
Which development was a key outcome of the second industrial revolution?
How did steam-powered ships change global trade?
How did steam-powered ships change global trade?
What was a consequence of using coke in iron production?
What was a consequence of using coke in iron production?
Which region did NOT benefit significantly from the technological advances of the second industrial revolution?
Which region did NOT benefit significantly from the technological advances of the second industrial revolution?
What was a major factor contributing to the decline of Egypt's textile industry by the mid-19th century?
What was a major factor contributing to the decline of Egypt's textile industry by the mid-19th century?
What misconception did the prolonged abandonment of mines in India create?
What misconception did the prolonged abandonment of mines in India create?
Which of the following was a key reason for the British government's actions in India during the industrial period?
Which of the following was a key reason for the British government's actions in India during the industrial period?
What was the main impact of the introduction of railroads during the Industrial Revolution?
What was the main impact of the introduction of railroads during the Industrial Revolution?
What were coaling stations used for during the rise of steam-powered ships?
What were coaling stations used for during the rise of steam-powered ships?
What was a characteristic of the labor-intensive mining methods in India post-colonial rule?
What was a characteristic of the labor-intensive mining methods in India post-colonial rule?
Flashcards
Enlightenment
Enlightenment
An intellectual and cultural movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and progress, challenging traditional authority.
Empiricism
Empiricism
The belief that knowledge comes from sensory experiences and empirical observation.
Liberalism
Liberalism
A philosophical approach that values individual liberty, limited government, and free markets.
Socialism
Socialism
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Conservatism
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Nationalism
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The Age of Isms
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Constitutional Representation
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Bacon's Empiricism
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Social Contract Theory
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Hobbes's View of Human Nature
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Locke's View of Government
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Tabula Rasa
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The Philosophes
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Separation of Powers
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Voltaire's Religious Liberty
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The General Will
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Laissez-Faire Economics
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The Invisible Hand
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Capitalism
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Deism
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Paine's Deism
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European Intellectual Life (1250-1789)
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Renaissance
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Humanism
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Scientific Revolution
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Classical Liberalism
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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Utopian Socialism
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Henri de Saint-Simon
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Charles Fourier
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Robert Owen
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Fabian Society
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Abolitionism
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Abolition of Slavery
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Individualism
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Who is John Locke?
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Representative Government
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What were the goals of the Enlightenment?
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What is Liberalism?
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Religious Tolerance
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What is Empiricism?
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What is Individualism?
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What is Laissez-Faire Economics?
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What was the Age of Isms?
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What is Nationalism?
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What is Tabula Rasa?
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What is the Social Contract?
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Unification
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Realpolitik
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Count di Cavour
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Risorgimento
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Red Shirts
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Otto von Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck
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Bismarck's Wars of Unification
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Age of Imperialism
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Imperialism
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Ottoman Empire
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Decline of the Ottoman Empire
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Balkan Nationalism
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Self-determination
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Greek War of Independence
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Mulatto
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Caudillo
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Bolivar Revolutions
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Creoles
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Elite
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Post-Independence Latin America
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Jamaica Letter
Jamaica Letter
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French Revolution
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Propaganda Movement
Propaganda Movement
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Peninsulares
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Lola Rodríguez de Tió
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La Boriqueña
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Literacy
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Natural Rights
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Ottomanism
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Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
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Crop Rotation
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Seed Drill
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Urbanization
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Pre-Industrial Society
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Cottage Industry
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Columbian Exchange
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Maritime Empires
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Capital Accumulation
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Population Growth
Population Growth
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Infant Mortality Rate
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Industrial Production
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Mass Production
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Industrialization
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Agricultural Revolution
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Division of Labor
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Spinning Machines
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Factory System
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Interchangeable Parts
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Power Sources (Coal & Steam)
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Spread of Industrialization
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Human Capital
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Water Transportation
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Rural-to-Urban Migration
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Capital
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What was the French Revolution?
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What was the Estates-General and its role in the French Revolution?
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What was the significance of the Storming of the Bastille?
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What was the impact of the abolishment of feudalism during the French Revolution?
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What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
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What was the Reign of Terror?
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What was the Haitian Revolution?
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Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture and what was his role in the Haitian Revolution?
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What was the impact of the Haitian Revolution?
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Who were the Creoles and what was their role in Latin American revolutions?
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What was mercantilism and how did it impact the Latin American revolutions?
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What were the consequences of the Latin American revolutions?
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What were the lasting effects of the Latin American revolutions?
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Industrial Revolution Textile Production
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What was the spinning jenny?
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What was the water frame?
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What is the division of labor?
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What are interchangeable parts?
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What is a moving assembly line?
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What is the enclosure movement?
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What is urbanization?
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What was the importance of coal in the Industrial Revolution?
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What is iron production?
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What is the importance of property rights?
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How did waterways benefit Britain during the Industrial Revolution?
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How did a strong navy benefit Britain during the Industrial Revolution?
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What is the importance of capital in industrialization?
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What is the relationship between population growth and urbanization?
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What was the Meiji Restoration?
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How did the Meiji government modernize Japan?
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Compare Japan's industrialization to the West
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What was the significance of the Meiji Restoration?
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Bessemer Process
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Electricity
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Petroleum
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Telephone
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Radio
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Transcontinental Railroad
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Second Industrial Revolution
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Sick Man of Europe
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Modernization
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Ethnic Nationalism
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Late 19th Century
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Preservation of Traditional Values
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British Control of Mining in India
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Arms Act of 1878
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Impact of the Sepoy Rebellion on British Control
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British Fear of Lead Production in India
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British Textile Tax in India
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Competition Between British and Indian Textile Industries
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Impact of European Textile Production on Egypt
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James Watt's Steam Engine
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Coal-powered Steam Engines
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Steam-powered Ships
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Coaling Stations
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Coke in Iron Production
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Wrought Iron
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Industrial Production of Iron
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Collapse of the Ottoman Empire
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Republic of Turkey
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Power Vacuum
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Opium Wars
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Spheres of Influence
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Westernization
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Meiji Restoration
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Emperor Meiji
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Constitutional Monarchy
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Conscription
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Mamluks
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Muhammad Ali
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State-Sponsored Industrialization
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Study Notes
5.1 The Enlightenment
- Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason over tradition and individualism over community, challenging monarchies and church authority.
- This movement, rooted in the Scientific Revolution and Renaissance humanism, was optimistic, believing reason applied to natural laws would bring progress.
- Natural laws were also believed to govern social and political spheres, although traditional religion remained influential.
- New social and economic theories like socialism and liberalism emerged, countered by conservatism, particularly within the European ruling class.
- Revolutions in this era often sought independence and constitutional representation, leading to the dissolution of empires and establishment of new governments based on new concepts of intense loyalty to shared language and culture (nationalism).
- Francis Bacon emphasized empirical methods (knowledge through observation and experimentation instead of relying on tradition or religion).
- Thomas Hobbes believed the natural state of humans was bleak (nasty, brutish, and short), requiring a strong central government in exchange for rights.
- John Locke posited that the social contract implied the right, potentially responsibility, to revolt against unjust governance, asserting natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
- Locke's "tabula rasa" concept, suggesting that a child's mind is a blank slate, was revolutionary within the context of inherited intelligence.
- The 18th-century philosophes, including Jefferson, Franklin, Smith, and various French thinkers, explored social, political, and economic theories and popularized concepts based on scientific inquiry.
- Baron Montesquieu's "The Spirit of Laws" influenced the American system of separating executive, legislative, and judiciary branches.
- Voltaire advocated for civil liberties, religious tolerance, and judicial reform, documented in his writing and international correspondence (especially with Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia).
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau expanded upon the social contract concept, formulating the "General Will" and its importance in sovereign governance. Rousseau was an optimist that society could improve.
- Adam Smith, in "The Wealth of Nations," advocated for freer trade (laissez-faire economics), challenging mercantilism. This laid a basis for capitalism.
- Deism emerged, focusing on reason and the belief that a divinity set natural laws in motion.
5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions
- Revolutions, viewed by conservatives as disruptive and negative, were driven by common people's desire for constitutional government and democratic practices.
- The American Revolution drew inspiration from European Enlightenment philosophy and physiocrat economic ideas opposing mercantilism.
- The Declaration of Independence, authored by Thomas Jefferson, emphasized unalienable rights derived from Locke.
- The New Zealand Wars conflict arose from British colonization, increased control over Maori affairs, and land pressures.
- The French Revolution, fueled by economic instability (including financial support to the Americans), and inequality in the Estates-General, resulted in the establishment of a National Assembly and a period of radical change.
- The French Revolution's key slogan was liberty, equality, and fraternity.
- Events such as the storming of the Bastille and peasant uprisings contributed to the revolution's momentum.
- The Haitian Revolution, initiated by enslaved people fighting against French rule, resulted in Haiti's independence and abolition of slavery.
- Toussaint L'Ouverture led the Haitian rebellion, resulting in Haiti being the first Latin American country to gain independence and the first black-led nation in the Western Hemisphere.
- Creole revolutions in Latin America saw creoles (born of European ancestry in the Americas) seeking independence from Spain, often driven by economic and political grievances against Spanish mercantilism and colonial rule.
- Simon Bolivar led revolutionary efforts resulting in the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru .
- Strong regional leaders, known as caudillos, arose in the newly independent Latin American countries.
- Lola Rodriguez de Tio was a notable Puerto Rican poet who advocated against Spanish rule..
- Rizal's role in the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines, which advocated greater autonomy, contributed to the Philippine Revolution.
- Nationalism, a sense of common identity among people sharing language, culture, and history, fueled efforts to unify countries and challenge empires (Italy, Germany, and other Balkan territories).
- The unification of Germany and Italy involved wars and political maneuvering.
5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins
- The Industrial Revolution, marked by increased mechanization of production, transformed society by increasing world population, shifting migration from farm to city, and expanding the production and consumption of goods.
- Agircultural improvements, such as crop rotation and seed drills, increased food production, fueling population growth.
- Industrialization's roots were in the Columbian Exchange, maritime trade, increased agricultural productivity, and accumulation of capital.
- Early British society mostly relied on rural agriculture and home production.
- The cottage industry, or putting-out system, emerged as an intermediary between merchants and weavers, using imported raw Indian cotton.
- Key inventions like the spinning jenny and water frame, mechanized textile production, leading to the establishment of factories.
- The factory system, with specialization of labor and interchangeable parts (invented by Eli Whitney for firearms), enabled mass production and increased efficiency..
5.4 Industrialization Spreads
- Industrialization, starting in Britain, spread to other areas including Belgium, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and the United States.
- Factors common to industrializing countries included capital, natural resources, and water transportation.
- The U.S. industrial revolution, driven by human capital (labor) drawn from European and East Asian immigration, combined with domestic migration, led to its industrial dominance by 1900.
- Agricultural products were key trade goods during this period.
- The Trans-Siberian Railroad significantly aided Russia's industrialization.
- Japan's industrialization involved a conscious adaptation of Western technology and institutions, aimed at securing its traditions while acquiring the means to protect itself.
- British colonization impacted India's shipbuilding, mineral industries, and textile production in attempts to undermine their industries.
- Egypt's textile industry faced challenges from Europe's industrialization
5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age
- Technology was crucial in the Industrial Revolution's spread, improving access to resources and product distribution.
- Advancements like the steam engine powered railroads, ships, and factories.
- The second industrial revolution (late 19th and early 20th centuries) involved new innovations in chemicals, steel, machinery, and electronics.
- Steam engines, utilizing coal power, replaced water power as engines could be utilized for ships and trains.
- Steamships revolutionized ocean travel, replacing sailing ships and enabling greater access to and transportation of goods.
- Coal became essential for iron production, leading to improvements in construction materials, including steel.
- The Bessemer Process enabled mass production of steel.
- Petroleum, and subsequently its product, kerosene, became important sources of energy and fuel, leading towards gasoline.
- Electricity became a significant power source, impacting street lighting, transportation, and communication technologies.
- Telegraphs, telephones, and radios improved global communication.
- Transportation methods (railroads, steamships) connected global markets and intensified the need for resources.
5.6 Industrialization: Government's Role
- Western technology and ideas were adopted in various ways across different nations.
- The Ottoman Empire, facing corruption, decline, and ethnic nationalism, was seen as "the sick man of Europe".
- China, weakened by the Opium Wars and spheres of influence, lacked a strong central government for industrialization.
- Japan's Meiji Restoration saw a systematic adoption of Western institutions and technology, aimed at preserving traditional values while gaining the means to protect them.
- Muhammad Ali's reforms in Egypt involved modernized military, education, and government institutions. His industrialization efforts in Egypt aimed at developing textile and armament production, and creating a navy to assert Egyptian independence.
- Japan modeled its government, military, and education system after Western models.
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Unit 5– Revolutions (The Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution)
