Enlightenment, Revolutions & Industrialization (1750-1900)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the application of John Locke's concept of natural rights during the Age of Revolutions?

The Meiji Restoration's implementation of state-sponsored industrialization and centralized control over key industries.
The Haitian Revolution's focus on maintaining the existing social hierarchy while seeking economic reforms from France.
Simón Bolívar's advocacy for the establishment of independent republics in South America, asserting the rights to life, liberty, and property. (correct)
The French monarchy's decision to convene the Estates-General to address fiscal problems.

How did the Enclosure Movement in agriculture contribute to the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Europe?

By encouraging cooperative farming arrangements, it strengthened rural communities and reduced migration to urban centers.
By decreasing the amount of land available for farming, leading to widespread famine and population decline.
By promoting crop diversification and sustainable farming practices, it reduced the need for technological innovation.
By consolidating land ownership, it displaced small farmers and created a labor surplus available for factory work. (correct)

Which statement explains a significant difference between the American and French Revolutions?

The American Revolution sought to overthrow a distant colonial power to establish a constitutional democracy, while the French Revolution aimed to overthrow the existing domestic social and political order. (correct)
The American Revolution was primarily driven by economic grievances, while the French Revolution was mainly fueled by religious conflicts.
The American Revolution led to a highly centralized government, while the French Revolution promoted regional autonomy.
The American Revolution resulted in the immediate abolition of slavery, while the French focused on expanding colonial holdings.

What was the main purpose of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, and what impact did it have on the African continent?

<p>To mediate disputes between European powers over colonial claims in Africa, leading to the arbitrary division of the continent without regard for existing ethnic or political boundaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Opium Wars impact China's relationship with Western powers?

<p>China was forced to open its ports to foreign trade and cede territory, leading to increased Western influence and weakening of the Qing dynasty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Natural Rights

Belief in inherent rights that cannot be taken away.

Social Contract

Agreement where people give up some freedom for government protection.

Haitian Revolution

First successful slave revolt; led to an independent nation in 1804.

Industrial Revolution

Shift from hand production to machine production using new energy sources.

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Capitalism

Economic system where private individuals/companies control the means of production for profit.

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Study Notes

Focus is on key events and trends from 1750-1900

The Enlightenment & Revolutions

Enlightenment thinkers advocated for natural rights and the concept of a social contract
Key Enlightenment figures include John Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu
Enlightenment ideals influenced political revolutions

American Revolution (1776)

Inspired by Enlightenment principles
Resulted in the establishment of a constitutional democracy

French Revolution (1789-1799)

The monarchy was overthrown
Declaration of the Rights of Man was created
Experienced the Reign of Terror

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

First successful slave revolt in history
Led by Toussaint Louverture

Latin American Revolutions (1810-1825)

Inspired by previous revolutions
Simón Bolívar was one of the key leaders

Industrialization & its Effects

Several factors contributed to industrialization
Access to coal, iron, and waterways were key resources
Increased agricultural productivity due to the Enclosure Movement
Availability of capital investment and labor supply
Significant technological advancements, including the steam engine and factory system

Effects of Industrialization

Rise of factories and urbanization
Poor working conditions
Social changes, including the growth of the middle class and increased participation of women in the workforce
Socialism, Communism (Karl Marx), and labor unions formed in response to the effects of industrialization

Economic Systems & Global Trade

Capitalism & Adam Smith advocated for Laissez-Faire and a free market
Industrialized countries exploited non-industrialized regions for resources and markets
Expansion of Opium Trade (China), Meiji Japan's modernization, and imperialism occurred for raw materials

Imperialism & Resistance

Imperialism had multiple motivations
Economic factors, such as the need for raw materials, played a significant role
Political motivations included the desire for power and strategic advantage
Social motivations included the concept of the "White Man’s Burden" and Social Darwinism
Africa and Asia were heavily colonized

Colonization of Africa & Asia

British in India established the Raj and experienced the Sepoy Rebellion
Scramble for Africa was formalized by the Berlin Conference
China was affected by the Opium Wars, which led to spheres of influence

Resistance Movements

Zulu Resistance was led by Shaka Zulu
Boxer Rebellion occurred in China
Indian Revolt of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, took place

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Description

Explore key events and trends from 1750-1900, including the Enlightenment, American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions. Understand the influence of Enlightenment thinkers and the causes and effects of industrialization. Key figures like John Locke, Rousseau, and Simón Bolívar are covered.