English Language Chapter 5: Word Classes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What do lexical word classes function as?

  • Prepositions
  • Morphemes
  • Adjectives
  • Head of different phrases (correct)

What is a phonologically independent linguistic unit known as?

Word

Grammatical word classes are generally what type?

  • Closed (correct)
  • Variable
  • Flexible
  • Open

What is an open word class?

<p>A class to which one can easily incorporate new members through borrowing and other word-formation processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A particle is a word with a ________.

<p>single morphological form</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can a noun be the head of?

<p>A noun phrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of closed word classes?

<p>It is very difficult to add new words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does number refer to in nouns?

<p>Nouns take affixes for categories such as singular, dual, and plural</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are adjectives characterized by?

<p>Their occurrence within a noun phrase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parts of speech can only be categorized by their meaning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inflection?

<p>Changes the form of a word to express a particular grammatical function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do auxiliary verbs convey?

<p>Aspect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does nominative case indicate?

<p>A grammatical case for nouns and pronouns used when a noun/pronoun is used as the subject of the verb</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of accusative case?

<p>'She bought a car'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genitive case used for?

<p>When the noun is a possessor or holds a similar relationship with another noun</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically modifies verbs in a sentence?

<p>Adverbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Verbs can occur in any position in relation to auxiliary verbs in a sentence.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lexical Word Classes

Serve as the heads of different phrases, carrying the main meaning.

Grammatical Word Classes

Express a limited range of meaning and rarely add new members.

Open Word Classes

Readily incorporate new words through borrowing and word formation.

Word

A phonologically independent unit made of one or more morphemes.

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Particles

Single morphological form functioning in explicit grammatical roles.

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Nouns

Heads of noun phrases, inflecting for singular, dual, and plural.

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Nominative Case

Mark subjects of verbs.

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Accusative Case

Used for direct objects in transitive clauses.

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Genitive Case

Indicates possession.

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Locative Case

Identifies locations.

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Adverbs

Modify verbs, clauses, or sentences, often expressing speaker attitude.

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Verbs

Act as predicates and are central to clause structure.

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Auxiliary Verbs

Precede main verbs and help form questions.

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Word Class Identification

Determined by morphological and syntactic behavior.

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Adjectives

Modify nouns or act as complements.

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Noun Phrase Dependents

Includes adjectives, articles, and quantified expressions.

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Verb Placement

Maintain a fixed position relative to auxiliary verbs.

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Study Notes

Word Classes Overview

  • Lexical word classes serve as the heads of different phrases.
  • Grammatical word classes generally express a limited range of meaning and are closed to new additions.
  • Open word classes allow for the incorporation of new members through borrowing and word-formation processes.

Definitions of Key Terms

  • A word is a phonologically independent unit comprised of one or more morphemes.
  • Particles have a single morphological form and function in specific grammatical roles.

Nouns and Their Functions

  • Nouns function as the head of a noun phrase and inflect for categories like singular, dual, and plural.
  • Nouns can take affixes to indicate grammatical cases, revealing their relationship to verbs in sentences.

Adjectives and Their Characteristics

  • Adjectives occur within noun phrases, in comparative/superlative forms, and as complements of a copula.
  • They modify nouns, providing attribute information.

Cases in Grammar

  • Nominative case marks subjects of verbs.
  • Accusative case is used for direct objects in transitive clauses.
  • Genitive case indicates possession (e.g., -'s suffix).
  • Locative case identifies locations (e.g., "on my brother").

Adverbs and Their Role

  • Adverbs modify verbs or entire clauses/sentences, often expressing speaker attitude or evidentiality.
  • They do not inflect and usually do not appear within noun phrases.

Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs

  • Verbs act as predicates, central to clause structure, and typically follow subjects and precede objects.
  • Auxiliary verbs precede main verbs and can initiate questions.
  • Examples include: be, can, have, may, must.

Word Class Determination

  • Word classes are identified by morphological and syntactic behavior rather than inherent meaning.
  • Lexical word classes are usually open, whereas grammatical classes are typically closed.

Modifiers and Dependencies

  • Examples of noun phrase dependents include adjectives, articles, and quantified expressions.
  • Adjectives can modify nouns or function as complements.

Summarized Rules

  • Verbs maintain a fixed position with respect to auxiliary verbs.
  • Adjectives have two syntactic positions: modifying nouns or as complements.
  • Adverbs are generally not inflected and have specific placement rules in sentences.

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