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Derivational morphology creates new lexemes primarily with the use of inflectional affixes.
Derivational morphology creates new lexemes primarily with the use of inflectional affixes.
False
Lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives are considered open classes in most languages.
Lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives are considered open classes in most languages.
True
Derivational processes can change a base word into a lexeme of the same lexical category.
Derivational processes can change a base word into a lexeme of the same lexical category.
True
The word 'helpful' is an example of an inflectional transformation of the base word 'help'.
The word 'helpful' is an example of an inflectional transformation of the base word 'help'.
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Closed classes of words include content words such as nouns and verbs.
Closed classes of words include content words such as nouns and verbs.
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Conversion refers to the process where an adjective can become a noun without any change in form.
Conversion refers to the process where an adjective can become a noun without any change in form.
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Affixes in derivational morphology can only be prefixes.
Affixes in derivational morphology can only be prefixes.
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The process of word formation in languages is static and unchanging.
The process of word formation in languages is static and unchanging.
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The suffix -ise has a clear-cut meaning apart from its function as a verb-forming tool.
The suffix -ise has a clear-cut meaning apart from its function as a verb-forming tool.
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Adjectives can be derived from other adjectives by adding the suffix -ing.
Adjectives can be derived from other adjectives by adding the suffix -ing.
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Nouns can be derived from verbs using affixes such as -ance and -ment.
Nouns can be derived from verbs using affixes such as -ance and -ment.
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The prefix 'de-' implies the action of adding to the base word.
The prefix 'de-' implies the action of adding to the base word.
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The suffix -ify can create verbs from both nouns and adjectives.
The suffix -ify can create verbs from both nouns and adjectives.
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The verb 'organise' shares an obvious element of meaning with the noun 'organ.'
The verb 'organise' shares an obvious element of meaning with the noun 'organ.'
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Conversions involve changing a word's class without altering its form.
Conversions involve changing a word's class without altering its form.
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Nouns can only be derived from adjectives, not from other nouns.
Nouns can only be derived from adjectives, not from other nouns.
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The suffix -ful can be used to derive nouns from nouns.
The suffix -ful can be used to derive nouns from nouns.
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The suffix -ly derives adverbs exclusively from nouns.
The suffix -ly derives adverbs exclusively from nouns.
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The term DIOECIOUS refers to plants that have both male and female flowers on the same plant.
The term DIOECIOUS refers to plants that have both male and female flowers on the same plant.
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LEXICAL items can consist of individual lexemes that are interchangeable in grammatical roles.
LEXICAL items can consist of individual lexemes that are interchangeable in grammatical roles.
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Adverbs are exclusively formed by adding the suffix -ly to adjectives.
Adverbs are exclusively formed by adding the suffix -ly to adjectives.
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The lexeme PERFORMANCE is a verb while PERFORM is a noun.
The lexeme PERFORMANCE is a verb while PERFORM is a noun.
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Inflectional behavior of lexemes can differ significantly within the same word class.
Inflectional behavior of lexemes can differ significantly within the same word class.
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All words formed with the suffix -ess denote female counterparts of nouns.
All words formed with the suffix -ess denote female counterparts of nouns.
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Lexeme refers to a unique version of a word that can have multiple grammatical forms.
Lexeme refers to a unique version of a word that can have multiple grammatical forms.
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Compounded words like 'CIGARETTE' and 'BOOKLET' indicate that their meanings are directly tied to their components.
Compounded words like 'CIGARETTE' and 'BOOKLET' indicate that their meanings are directly tied to their components.
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The term 'gappiness' refers to the existence of many lexemes with overlapping meanings.
The term 'gappiness' refers to the existence of many lexemes with overlapping meanings.
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Derived nouns like GUITARIST from GUITAR showcase derivational morphology that changes word classes.
Derived nouns like GUITARIST from GUITAR showcase derivational morphology that changes word classes.
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The term 'lexeme' can be illustrated through words like HARD and FAST in different grammatical contexts.
The term 'lexeme' can be illustrated through words like HARD and FAST in different grammatical contexts.
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Morphologically complicated adverbs always have the suffix -ly.
Morphologically complicated adverbs always have the suffix -ly.
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The creation of new lexemes always modifies their grammatical class.
The creation of new lexemes always modifies their grammatical class.
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Words like 'WAITRESS' and 'HEROINE' reflect a clear suffix illustrating the female form of the root noun.
Words like 'WAITRESS' and 'HEROINE' reflect a clear suffix illustrating the female form of the root noun.
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The suffix –ness can only be applied to a limited number of adjectives.
The suffix –ness can only be applied to a limited number of adjectives.
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The suffix -er is exclusively used to denote the person performing an action.
The suffix -er is exclusively used to denote the person performing an action.
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Non-affixal methods of deriving abstract nouns play a significant role in English morphology.
Non-affixal methods of deriving abstract nouns play a significant role in English morphology.
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The suffix –ish indicates a complete transformation from one state to another.
The suffix –ish indicates a complete transformation from one state to another.
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All words prefixed with un- are included in the dictionary.
All words prefixed with un- are included in the dictionary.
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Adjectives like 'interesting' and 'boiled' in certain contexts can originate from verbs.
Adjectives like 'interesting' and 'boiled' in certain contexts can originate from verbs.
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The suffix -able signifies an action that cannot be performed.
The suffix -able signifies an action that cannot be performed.
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Prefixes are the dominant method used to derive adjectives from other adjectives.
Prefixes are the dominant method used to derive adjectives from other adjectives.
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The suffix -ful is typically paired with its negative counterpart -less.
The suffix -ful is typically paired with its negative counterpart -less.
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The use of prefixes is the sole method for creating verbs from existing verbs.
The use of prefixes is the sole method for creating verbs from existing verbs.
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All adjectives derived from nouns end with the suffix -al.
All adjectives derived from nouns end with the suffix -al.
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The suffix -ment is commonly used to form nouns that express consequences of actions.
The suffix -ment is commonly used to form nouns that express consequences of actions.
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The derivational use of vowel change in English morphology is highly significant.
The derivational use of vowel change in English morphology is highly significant.
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All verbs derived from verbs always signify a repetitive action.
All verbs derived from verbs always signify a repetitive action.
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Words created with the prefix re- are always polymorphemic.
Words created with the prefix re- are always polymorphemic.
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The suffix -ism typically denotes a belief system or ideological concept.
The suffix -ism typically denotes a belief system or ideological concept.
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Study Notes
Derivational Morphology
- Derivational morphology creates new lexemes (words) with new meanings, distinct from inflectional morphology, which modifies existing word forms for grammatical purposes.
- Derivational processes allow language users to create new words.
- Lexemes belong to lexical categories (e.g., noun, verb, adjective). Derived lexemes may belong to different categories than their base lexemes.
Word Classes and Conversion
- Words are categorized into open (nouns, verbs, adjectives) and closed classes (function words).
- Word classes are distinct from semantic meaning. Grammatical behavior (inflectional patterns, syntactic roles) are more reliable indicators of word class.
- The word class of a lexeme is not determined solely by its meaning.
Adverbs Derived from Adjectives
- Some adverbs are derived from adjectives by adding the suffix "-ly."
- Not all adverbs use the "-ly" suffix (e.g., NOWHERE, ALWAYS, TODAY).
- The adverb form shares a relationship with the adjective despite not having the same suffix.
Nouns Derived from Nouns
- Derivational morphology can modify an existing noun into a new noun, changing the word.
- Several suffixes create nouns from nouns (e.g., -ess, -ine, -ship, -hood, -let, -ette, -ie). These denote relationships such as gender, state of being, or size.
- Examples of such suffixes include:
- –ess, –ine: female X (e.g., waitress, heroine).
- –ship, –hood: state of being X (e.g., friendship, brotherhood).
- –let, –ette, –ie: small X (e.g., piglet, cigarette, kittie).
- -er, -(i)an: state of being X, (e.g., New Zealander, Canadian).
- -ist, -ian: devotee of or expert on X(e.g., guitarist, Marxist, librarian)
Nouns Derived from Other Word Classes
- Nouns can be created from adjectives and verbs.
- Suffixes are used to create nouns from adjectives (e.g., -ity, -ness, -ism). That is, they denote a property or state of being X.
- Numerous suffixes exist for generating nouns from verbs (e.g., -ance, -ence, -ment, -ing, -ation, -al, -er). They frequently denote actions, consequences, or the agent performing the action.
Adjectives Derived from Adjectives
- Primarily prefixes are used to create new adjective lexemes from existing adjectives.
- Common prefixes include un-(not) and in-/il-/im-/ir- (negative connotations), and -ish (somewhat).
Adjectives Derived from Other Word Classes
- Adjectives can be derived from verbs, primarily through suffixes (e.g., -ing, -ed, -en).
- Other suffixes used for deriving adjectives from verbs include -able, for example "breakable" and -ent/-ant, for example "expectant" as well as -ive for "attractive".
Nouns Derived from Adjectives
- Numerous suffixes can be applied to create adjectives from nouns.
- Common examples are –ful, –less, –al, and –ish.
- Adjectives ending in -ful and -less tend to appear in pairs, despite occasional exceptions.
Verbs Derived from Verbs
- Verbs can be created from other verbs with prefixes (e.g., re-, un-, de-, dis-). Prefixes indicate repetition or reversal of actions.
Verbs Derived from Other Word Classes
- Verbs can be derived from nouns and adjectives through prefixes and suffixes (e.g., de-, -ise, -ify).
- These derivations are not necessarily obvious in terms of semantic relationships.
Summary
- Derivation and conversion are different processes in changing word classes.
- Conversion is a process to change a word class without changing the word itself.
- Affixes can modify word classes and meanings.
- Many derivational suffixes have multiple meanings depending on the base word.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of derivational morphology and word classes in this quiz. Learn how new lexemes are created and understand the distinctions between open and closed classes. Test your knowledge on adverbs derived from adjectives and their unique properties.
