English IV B - On the Origin of Species Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is adaption in biology?

A change in structure, function, or behavior by which a species or individual improves its chance of survival in a specific environment.

What does the term genera mean?

Descent, family, type, gender.

What does it mean to polarize?

Causing two opposing and somewhat hostile reactions.

What does struggle mean in a biological context?

To make strenuous or violent efforts in the face of difficulties or opposition. Signup and view all the answers

What is variation according to Darwin?

The product of natural selection; diversity. Signup and view all the answers

What is Intelligent Design?

The theory that matter, the various forms of life, and the world were created by an intelligent designer or intelligent Creator. Signup and view all the answers

What does predestination refer to?

The doctrine that God, in consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, infallibly guides those who are destined for salvation. Signup and view all the answers

What event finally prompted Darwin to publish 'On the Origin of Species'?

Receiving a letter from Wallace describing Wallace's theory of natural selection. Signup and view all the answers

Variations in a species are preserved if _______________.

They improve the species in its struggle for life. Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist's theory greatly influenced Charles Darwin?

Thomas Malthus. Signup and view all the answers

Why is 'On the Origin of Species' described as 'one long argument'?

It presents an opinion supported by reasons. Signup and view all the answers

In 1858, what was the widely accepted view of Earth's age?

Six thousand years old. Signup and view all the answers

What factor most likely contributed to Darwin's hesitation to publish 'On the Origin of Species' for twenty years?

Worry about political climate. Signup and view all the answers

Which accurately describes the theory of natural selection? (Select all that apply)

Adaptation to an environment Signup and view all the answers

What is despotism?

A form of government that has one ruler who cruelly or arbitrarily abuses power. Signup and view all the answers

What does liberalism advocate for?

Rejects authoritarian government and defends freedom of speech, association, and religion. Signup and view all the answers

What is utilitarianism?

The ethical doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the criterion of the virtue of action. Signup and view all the answers

In the context provided, what does the word 'molesting' most likely mean?

Pestering. Signup and view all the answers

What did John Stuart Mill argue was a permissible reason to restrict an expression of individual liberty?

If it resulted in harm. Signup and view all the answers

In his essay, Mill stated that, 'human nature is not a machine, but a ________.'

Tree. Signup and view all the answers

In 'On Liberty,' Mill compared human nature to __________________.

A tree. Signup and view all the answers

___________ is a form of government with one ruler who abuses the ruling power arbitrarily.

Despotism. Signup and view all the answers

What did Mill fear?

Tyranny of the masses. Signup and view all the answers

What is a goal of utilitarianism?

The whole of society. Signup and view all the answers

When did Mill publish 'On Liberty'?

<ol start="1859"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is internal conflict?

A struggle taking place inside the mind of a character. Signup and view all the answers

Based on what you have read so far, which of the following seem to be themes of 'Daisy Miller'? (Select all that apply)

Innocence Signup and view all the answers

The reader sees Daisy through ________ eyes.

Winterbourne's. Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes Daisy's reaction to the scandalous rumors spread about her?

Blithely Dismissive. Signup and view all the answers

Winterbourne's efforts to understand Daisy reflect ____.

An Internal Conflict. Signup and view all the answers

What prominent motif is revealed in the statement: 'She is a young lady, who has an intimacy with her mamma's courier.'?

Gossip. Signup and view all the answers

Which could be considered Winterbourne's tragic flaw?

He is judgmental and believes everything he hears. Signup and view all the answers

Randolph Miller can best be described as _______.

Boastful. Signup and view all the answers

When was Charles Darwin's 'On the Origin of Species' published?

November 1, 1859. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key dates related to Charles Darwin's life and works?

Born February 12, 1809; Published 'On the Origin of Species' November 24, 1859. Signup and view all the answers

What is noted about Darwin's writing style?

He relied on his scientific studies and careful observations. Signup and view all the answers

What was the theory of Natural Selection as per Darwin?

Traits passed down from survivors allowed for adaptations that enable survival. Signup and view all the answers

What did John Stuart Mill believe about the middle class during the English Industrial Revolution?

Middle class families were growing in size. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about England in 1859?

The ruler was Queen Victoria and political climate involved the Liberal Party. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terms and Definitions

Adaptation: Biological change that enhances survival chances in specific environments.
Genera: Biological classification that indicates descent, family, or type.
Polarize: To create opposing and hostile reactions.
Struggle: Efforts made against difficulties or opposition.
Variation: Diverse traits resulting from natural selection, as outlined by Darwin.
Intelligent Design: Theory proposing that life was created by an intelligent designer.
Predestination: The belief that God guides individuals destined for salvation based on divine foreknowledge.

Darwin's Publication Journey

Darwin hesitated to publish "On the Origin of Species" due to concerns about the political climate.
A motivating factor for publication was receiving a letter from Wallace that detailed a similar theory on natural selection.
"On the Origin of Species" was published on November 24, 1859, with all 1,250 copies sold on the same day.

Theories and Influences

Thomas Malthus's theories on population significantly influenced Darwin's work.
Natural selection is characterized by adaptation to environments and the inheritance of survival characteristics.
Mill argued that liberty can be restricted if it causes harm.

The prevailing belief in 1858 was that Earth was six thousand years old.
Post-war American upper class characteristics included an eagerness to travel and preoccupation with social standing.
Mill's "On Liberty" likens human nature to a tree, emphasizing growth and development rather than rigidity.

Themes and Characters in "Daisy Miller"

Themes include innocence, social structures, and identity.
Daisy is perceived through Winterbourne's eyes, reflecting his internal conflicts.
Winterbourne's tragic flaw is his judgmental nature based on gossip.

Notable Dates and Events

Darwin's significant life events include:
- Born on February 12, 1809.
- Began observing species during the Beagle's voyage (1831-1836).
- Shared a paper with Wallace in July 1858 before publishing his monumental work.

Philosophical Context

Utilitarianism, promoted by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, emphasizes the greatest happiness for the majority, particularly during socioeconomic upheaval.
Despotism is highlighted as a government form with an abusive ruler.

Literary Analysis

Themes of gossip emerge in the interactions between characters in "Daisy Miller."
Daisy's dismissal of scandal reflects her character's innocence and societal critique.

Additional Information

Mill published "On Liberty" in 1859, addressing individual liberty and societal constraints.
Internal conflict is crucial in character development throughout both Darwin’s and Mill's works.

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Test your understanding of key terms from 'On the Origin of Species' with these flashcards designed for English IV B. Each card includes a word and its definition to enhance your vocabulary and comprehension of the material.