English Grammar Basics

Nouns

• A noun is a word that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea
• Types of nouns:
  • Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, or things (e.g. John, London, Amazon)
  • Common nouns: general terms for things (e.g. dog, city, company)
  • Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, flock, team)
  • Abstract nouns: ideas or concepts (e.g. happiness, freedom, love)

Verbs

• A verb is a word that expresses action, occurrence, or state of being
• Types of verbs:
  • Action verbs: express physical or mental action (e.g. run, think, read)
  • Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
  • Helping verbs: used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
  • Transitive verbs: take an object (e.g. throw, buy, eat)
  • Intransitive verbs: do not take an object (e.g. sleep, laugh, cry)

Adjectives

• An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun
• Types of adjectives:
  • Quantitative adjectives: describe quantity (e.g. five, ten, many)
  • Qualitative adjectives: describe quality (e.g. happy, tall, blue)
  • Demonstrative adjectives: point out specific nouns (e.g. this, that, these)
  • Possessive adjectives: show ownership (e.g. my, your, his)

Adverbs

• An adverb is a word that modifies, or describes, a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
• Types of adverbs:
  • Manner adverbs: describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
  • Time adverbs: describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon, already)
  • Place adverbs: describe where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
  • Frequency adverbs: describe how often something is done (e.g. often, rarely, never)

Pronouns

• A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence
• Types of pronouns:
  • Personal pronouns: replace nouns that refer to people or things (e.g. I, you, he, she)
  • Possessive pronouns: show ownership (e.g. mine, yours, his)
  • Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g. myself, yourself, himself)
  • Demonstrative pronouns: point out specific things (e.g. this, that, these)

Conjunctions

• A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence
• Types of conjunctions:
  • Coordinating conjunctions: connect words or phrases of equal importance (e.g. and, but, or)
  • Subordinating conjunctions: connect a dependent clause to an independent clause (e.g. because, although, if)
  • Correlative conjunctions: used in pairs to connect words or phrases (e.g. both...and, either...or, not only...but also)

Nouns

• Refer to a person, place, thing, or idea
• Types of nouns:
  • Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, or things (e.g. John, London, Amazon)
  • Common nouns: general terms for things (e.g. dog, city, company)
  • Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, flock, team)
  • Abstract nouns: ideas or concepts (e.g. happiness, freedom, love)

Verbs

• Express action, occurrence, or state of being
• Types of verbs:
  • Action verbs: express physical or mental action (e.g. run, think, read)
  • Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
  • Helping verbs: used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
  • Transitive verbs: take an object (e.g. throw, buy, eat)
  • Intransitive verbs: do not take an object (e.g. sleep, laugh, cry)

Adjectives

• Modify or describe a noun or pronoun
• Types of adjectives:
  • Quantitative adjectives: describe quantity (e.g. five, ten, many)
  • Qualitative adjectives: describe quality (e.g. happy, tall, blue)
  • Demonstrative adjectives: point out specific nouns (e.g. this, that, these)
  • Possessive adjectives: show ownership (e.g. my, your, his)

Adverbs

• Modify or describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
• Types of adverbs:
  • Manner adverbs: describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
  • Time adverbs: describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon, already)
  • Place adverbs: describe where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
  • Frequency adverbs: describe how often something is done (e.g. often, rarely, never)

Pronouns

• Take the place of a noun in a sentence
• Types of pronouns:
  • Personal pronouns: replace nouns that refer to people or things (e.g. I, you, he, she)
  • Possessive pronouns: show ownership (e.g. mine, yours, his)
  • Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g. myself, yourself, himself)
  • Demonstrative pronouns: point out specific things (e.g. this, that, these)

Conjunctions

• Connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence
• Types of conjunctions:
  • Coordinating conjunctions: connect words or phrases of equal importance (e.g. and, but, or)
  • Subordinating conjunctions: connect a dependent clause to an independent clause (e.g. because, although, if)
  • Correlative conjunctions: used in pairs to connect words or phrases (e.g. both...and, either...or, not only...but also)