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Questions and Answers
What is defined as the act by which a speaker/writer uses language to enable a listener/reader to identify something?
What is defined as the act by which a speaker/writer uses language to enable a listener/reader to identify something?
Proper nouns can uniquely identify people or things.
Proper nouns can uniquely identify people or things.
False
What is an inference in the context of pragmatics?
What is an inference in the context of pragmatics?
Additional information used by the listener to create a connection.
A proper noun refers to a specific _____, such as 'Chomsky' or 'Khawlah'.
A proper noun refers to a specific _____, such as 'Chomsky' or 'Khawlah'.
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Match the following types of reference acts with their examples:
Match the following types of reference acts with their examples:
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Which of the following is an example of using a name associated with things to refer to people?
Which of the following is an example of using a name associated with things to refer to people?
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In pragmatics, words themselves are seen as capable of referring to entities directly.
In pragmatics, words themselves are seen as capable of referring to entities directly.
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Provide an example of a pronoun used in referencing.
Provide an example of a pronoun used in referencing.
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What is the term for the first mention of a referent in a text?
What is the term for the first mention of a referent in a text?
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Anaphora is less common than cataphora in language use.
Anaphora is less common than cataphora in language use.
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What is the relationship between an antecedent and an anaphoric expression?
What is the relationship between an antecedent and an anaphoric expression?
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The device that reverses the antecedent-anaphora relationship, beginning with a pronoun, is called ______.
The device that reverses the antecedent-anaphora relationship, beginning with a pronoun, is called ______.
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Match the following examples with their corresponding terms:
Match the following examples with their corresponding terms:
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Which example illustrates the use of presupposition?
Which example illustrates the use of presupposition?
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The constancy under negation test is used to identify presuppositions in sentences.
The constancy under negation test is used to identify presuppositions in sentences.
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Provide an example of an anaphoric expression from a sentence.
Provide an example of an anaphoric expression from a sentence.
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Which of the following is an example of a pragmatic marker?
Which of the following is an example of a pragmatic marker?
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Politeness in language encompasses being direct and blunt.
Politeness in language encompasses being direct and blunt.
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What term is used to describe the emotional and social self-image that everyone has?
What term is used to describe the emotional and social self-image that everyone has?
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A face-threatening act occurs when someone gives a ______ command.
A face-threatening act occurs when someone gives a ______ command.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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Which statement represents a face-saving act?
Which statement represents a face-saving act?
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The way politeness is marked in language is the same across all cultures.
The way politeness is marked in language is the same across all cultures.
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What is the primary action performed by a speaker with an utterance called?
What is the primary action performed by a speaker with an utterance called?
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Which of the following illustrates a direct speech act?
Which of the following illustrates a direct speech act?
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Indirect speech acts rely on recognizing the context of the utterance for clear communication.
Indirect speech acts rely on recognizing the context of the utterance for clear communication.
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What happens when someone fails to recognize an indirect speech act?
What happens when someone fails to recognize an indirect speech act?
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In the sentence 'Can you ride a bicycle?', the structure is interrogative and the function is to __________.
In the sentence 'Can you ride a bicycle?', the structure is interrogative and the function is to __________.
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Match the following sentences with their speech act types:
Match the following sentences with their speech act types:
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Identify the indirect speech act from the options below:
Identify the indirect speech act from the options below:
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A declarative form used to make a request is an example of a direct speech act.
A declarative form used to make a request is an example of a direct speech act.
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List two anaphoric expressions in the sentence: 'Dr. Foster gave Andy some medicine after he told her about his headaches.'
List two anaphoric expressions in the sentence: 'Dr. Foster gave Andy some medicine after he told her about his headaches.'
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course: ENGL 312 General Linguistics
- Instructor: Dr. Abdulqader Alyasin
- Chapter: 10 Pragmatics (Part 2)
- University: Lusail University
Overview of Pragmatics
- Students should define pragmatics by the end of the chapter
- Students should be able to discuss the role of pragmatics in everyday conversation.
- Students should understand how speakers/writers convey their messages
- Students should understand how messages are received and interpreted by listeners/readers.
Reference
- In discussing deixis, the use of words to refer to people, places, and times is assumed to be simple
- However, words themselves don't refer; people do.
- Reference is an act by a speaker/writer who uses language to enable a listener/reader to identify something.
- Acts of reference can be performed using:
- Proper nouns (e.g., Chomsky, Jennifer)
- Nouns in phrases (e.g., the cat, my friend)
- Pronouns (e.g., he, she, it)
- Each word/phrase has a range of reference, meaning they can refer to multiple entities.
Inference
- Successful reference depends on the listener's ability to recognize the speaker/writer's meaning.
- Names associated with things can refer to people (and vice versa)
- Inference is the process where a listener creates a connection between what is said and what is meant.
Anaphora
- Anaphora is when a subsequent reference refers to an already introduced entity
- The first mention is the antecedent.
- Use of pronouns, repetition of nouns, and related nouns can create the connection between antecedents and anaphoric expressions.
- Often based on inference.
Cataphora
- Reverses the antecedent-anaphora relationship with a pronoun used later to reveal more specific information
- This is less common in standard discourse
Presupposition
- Linguistic messages are designed with assumptions made about the listener's knowledge.
- A presupposition is what a speaker assumes as being known or true to the listener.
- Constancy under negation test is used to identify presuppositions in sentences that remain true even in their negative versions..
Pragmatic Markers
- These are short forms used to indicate how utterances should be interpreted (e.g., "You know," "Well," "I mean").
- These markers can indicate the speaker's attitude towards the listener or the content.
- Examples of pragmatic markers include:
- "You know" to indicate that knowledge is shared.
- "I mean" to self-correct or clarify.
Politeness
- Politeness is about being tactful, modest, and kind to others.
- In pragmatics, "face" is the most important concept, representing a person's public self-image.
- Politeness is showing awareness of and consideration for another person's face.
Face-Threatening Act
- Face-threatening act is when something is said that represents a threat to another person's self-image.
Face-Saving Act
- Reducing the possible threat to another person's face (mitigates the possible threat a direct statement might inflict).
- Example include indirect speech acts
Negative and Positive Face
- Negative face is the need for autonomy and independence.
- Positive face is the need to be connected.
- Face-saving acts adjust statements to avoid threats to either face.
Speech Acts
- Speech acts are the actions performed by a speaker with an utterance.
- Example: promising, requesting, commanding, informing.
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
- Direct speech acts have a clear structure and expected function.
- Indirect speech acts use a different structure than their expected function to convey a meaning.
- Use of interrogative structures to make requests is an example of this concept
- The relationship between utterance structure and function helps us determine whether speech actions are direct, indirect.
Additional Notes/Examples
- Culture influences appropriate politeness strategies.
- Utterances can be analyzed using pragmatic concepts like inference, presupposition, and speech acts to understand deeper meaning within any context.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Chapter 10 of ENGL 312, which delves into Pragmatics, specifically part 2. Students will explore the meaning and significance of pragmatics in everyday conversations, including how references are made and understood in communication. Test your knowledge on these concepts and their application in linguistics.
