Energy Needs in Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Autotrophs primarily get their energy from sunlight, which they utilize through photosynthesis to build organic molecules and synthesize sugars.

Heterotrophs obtain their energy by eating other organisms, and respiration allows them to convert the organic molecules from food into usable energy.

Photosynthesis in autotrophs produces organic molecules and oxygen, which are used by heterotrophs in respiration to release energy.

<p>A constant input of energy is crucial for all life forms because it enables essential processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon dioxide is utilized by autotrophs during photosynthesis as a raw material to build organic molecules and synthesize sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The general equation for photosynthesis is $6 CO2 + 6H2O + light ightarrow C6H12O6 + 6O2$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plants, algae, some protists, and cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to initiate the process of photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll a contains a –CH3 group, while chlorophyll b contains a –COH group at the R position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll is composed of a porphyrin ring and a long hydrocarbon tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dense cyanobacterial blooms can produce toxins that pose environmental hazards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanobacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that can grow in colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanobacteria can thrive in oceans, freshwater lakes, rivers, rocks, and soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll pigments absorb red and blue light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The wavelength range of visible light is from 400 to 700 nm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wavelength is inversely proportional to its energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electromagnetic radiation travels at 300,000,000 m/s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When light is reflected, it bounces off the surface of the object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorbed light goes into the plant and is used for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light exhibits properties of waves and photons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis, while phycobilins are additional pigments that assist in capturing light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroplasts are believed to have originated from free-living prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells, supporting the endosymbiotic theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stomata regulate the exchange of gases, allowing CO2 to enter and O2 to exit the leaf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transpiration is the evaporation of water from leaves, which helps create a 'transpiration pull' that moves water and minerals upwards in the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary photosynthetic organ in most plants is the leaf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A plant cell must obtain chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to perform photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesophyll cells contain abundant chloroplasts, where the majority of photosynthesis occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The waxy cuticle provides a protective barrier that is water-resistant, preventing water loss from the leaf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata, thus regulating transpiration rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll's green color comes from its ability to absorb light primarily in the red and blue wavelengths, reflecting green light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water moves in by osmosis, causing the guard cells to swell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, allowing plants to convert light energy into chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The light reactions and the Calvin cycle (or carbon fixation).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (O2) is released as a waste product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the Calvin cycle (Stage 3).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide the energy and reducing power necessary to convert CO2 into glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosystems absorb specific wavelengths of light and transfer energy to produce ATP and NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thylakoid membranes house chlorophyll and the electron transport chain, facilitating light reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The light reactions produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon fixation varies with temperature rather than light intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP synthase is an enzyme responsible for the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The electron transport chain helps to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroplasts replicate by fission, indicating they have their own DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lamellae are unstacked thylakoids that connect grana within chloroplasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers