Energy Expenditure Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does MET stand for?

  • Metabolic Equivalent of Task (correct)
  • Minimal Energy Threshold
  • Maximum Efficiency Training
  • Metabolic Energy Transformation

    • Energy expenditure does not change with age.

    False

    What are the two types of thermogenesis?

    Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) and Adaptive thermogenesis

    Men generally have a higher BMR than women due to higher _____ mass.

    <p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of energy expenditure with its description:

    <p>Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR) = Energy expended while at rest Thermic Effect of Food (TEF) = Energy required for digestion and absorption Physical Activity = Energy used for movement Thermogenesis = Energy necessary to regulate body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence METs?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accelerometers measure energy expenditure directly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one effect of environmental temperature on energy expenditure.

    <p>Exposure to heat or cold increases energy expenditure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensor is primarily used to measure heart rate in wearables?

    <p>Heart rate monitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indirect calorimetry provides insights into energy expenditure based on carbon dioxide production.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MET stand for in the context of energy expenditure?

    <p>Metabolic Equivalent of Task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy expenditure can be calculated using the formula MET x bodyweight (kg) x _____ (hours).

    <p>duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sensor with its primary function:

    <p>Accelerometer = Measuring steps and movement patterns Gyroscope = Detecting rotational movements GPS = Tracking location and distance Barometer = Detecting changes in elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary disadvantage of indirect calorimetry?

    <p>It requires trained personnel and controlled conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Doubly labeled water can be used to measure energy expenditure in real-life settings.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the RER rate help distinguish between?

    <p>Carbohydrates and fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of people are considered 'weekend warriors'?

    <p>People who do little during the week but engage in significant activity on weekends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EMG measures the activity of alpha motoneurons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the Maastricht study?

    <p>The study focused on chronic diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, in a population of participants aged 40-75.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy can be transformed but cannot be __________.

    <p>created or destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of signs with their examples:

    <p>Physical signs = Pressure Thermal signs = Fever Electrophysiological signals = Brain waves Thermodynamics = Conservation of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome was observed regarding bus conductors and bus drivers?

    <p>Bus conductors are healthier than bus drivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sitting has been found to increase mortality rates.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components mentioned for measuring energy expenditure?

    <p>Thermal signs, physical signs, and electrophysiological signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical activity has the highest Physical Activity Level (PAL)?

    <p>Crossing the Atlantic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maintaining a high blood pressure is good for vascular health.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main determinant of energy expenditure?

    <p>body mass/body composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is measured by pulse wave velocity.

    <p>vascular stiffness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their influence on vascular health:

    <p>Inflammatory profile = Low is good Blood pressure = Low is good Physical activity = Active is good Insulin sensitivity = High is good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular diseases?

    <p>Physical activity decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to assess vascular function through ultrasound?

    <p>flow-mediated dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short term energy expenditure can be as high as 40 times the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal speed of blood flow in arteries?

    <p>30-40 km/h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing physical activity can decrease the stiffness of blood vessels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement techniques are mentioned for assessing brain vascular health?

    <p>Retinal images and MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main outcomes of the study were glucose metabolism, cerebral perfusion, and __________.

    <p>perceivable cognitive benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parameters to their testing methods:

    <p>Glucose metabolism = Oral glucose tolerance test Vascular function = Peripheral vascular function markers Cerebral perfusion = MRI Cardiometabolic risk markers = Varied tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Energy Expenditure

    • Energy expenditure is the energy needed to maintain bodily functions and perform physical activity.

    • It includes:

      • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Energy used for essential functions like breathing, circulation, etc.
      • Thermic Effect of Food (TEF): Energy used to digest, absorb, and store nutrients.
      • Physical Activity: Energy for movement, including exercise and daily activities.
      • Thermogenesis: Energy used to regulate body temperature, divided into:
        • Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT): Energy for posture and small movements.
        • Adaptive thermogenesis: Energy for responding to environment changes (e.g., temperature).

    • Factors influencing energy expenditure:

      • Age: Lower metabolism with age.
      • Sex: Men have higher BMR due to increased muscle mass.
      • Genetics: Individual differences in metabolism.
      • Hormonal levels: Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism.
      • Environmental temperature: Exposure to heat or cold increases energy expenditure to maintain temperature.

    METs

    • MET stands for Metabolic Equivalent of Task, representing the energy expenditure of an activity compared to resting metabolic rate.
    • 1 MET equals the energy used while resting, equivalent to 3.5 ml of oxygen consumed per kg of bodyweight per minute (3.5 ml/kg/min).
    • Factors influencing METs:
      • Fitness level: Fitter individuals burn fewer calories.
      • Age: Higher METs in younger individuals.
      • Gender: Men tend to have higher METs.
      • Body composition: More muscle mass increases energy expenditure.
      • Activity intensity: Higher activity intensity leads to higher expenditure.
      • Environment: Temperature, humidity, and altitude influence energy expenditure.

    Accelerometers

    • Accelerometers measure acceleration in three directions (vertical, horizontal, lateral) using triaxial sensors.
    • They convert changes in velocity into electrical signals to analyze movement intensity, frequency, and duration.
    • Algorithms use this data along with personal information (age, weight, height) to calculate a MET score, which estimates energy expenditure.

    Wearable Technology

    • Wearables use various sensors, including:
      • Accelerometer: Tracks steps, movement patterns, and exercise intensity.
      • Gyroscope: Detects rotational movements for activity recognition.
      • Heart rate monitor: Measures heart rate using photoplethysmography (PPG), which analyzes blood flow under the skin.
      • GPS: Tracks location, distance, and pace during outdoor activities.
      • Barometer: Detects changes in elevation.
      • Optical sensors: Measure sleep patterns and sometimes even oxygen saturation.

    Indirect Calorimetry vs Doubly Labeled Water

    • Indirect calorimetry: Measures energy expenditure based on oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2).

      • Considered the gold standard for measuring resting metabolic rate (RMR) and total energy expenditure (TEE).
      • Can also reveal substrate use (carbs vs. fat) through the respiratory exchange ratio (RER).
      • Requires trained personnel and a controlled environment.

    • Doubly labeled water: Measures energy expenditure over a longer period (1-2 weeks).

      • Involves ingesting water labeled with stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen.
      • Measures the loss of isotopes via water and carbon dioxide to estimate energy expenditure.
      • Suitable for real-life measurements.

    Physical Activity and Health

    • Concept of energy balance: Based on thermodynamics, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
    • PAL (Physical Activity Level): Calculated as TEE (total energy expenditure) divided by BMR (basal metabolic rate).
    • Short-term energy expenditure: Can be as high as 40x BMR during intense activity.
    • Long-term energy expenditure: Maximum PAL levels generally plateau around 2.5x BMR.
    • Enrichment of isotopes: Used in doubly labeled water method to measure energy expenditure.

    Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health

    • Cardiovascular diseases leading cause of death globally, particularly ischemic and cerebrovascular diseases.
    • Lifestyle improvements (diet and physical activity) are critical for preventing cardiovascular disease.
    • Physical activity reduces cardiovascular disease risk by:
      • Improving vascular health:
        • Reducing inflammation.
        • Lowering blood pressure.
        • Enhancing insulin sensitivity.
        • Optimizing serum lipids.
      • Increasing vascular function: Measured through flow-mediated dilation, showing improved blood vessel response to blood flow.
      • Decreasing arterial stiffness: Measured via pulse wave velocity, indicating slower and more efficient blood flow through arteries.

    Brain Vascular Health

    • Brain vascular health is crucial for cognitive function and preventing dementia.
    • Microvascular structure: Assessed through retinal images as a cost-effective alternative to MRI, which is the gold standard.
    • Cerebral perfusion: Measured with MRI, indicating blood flow to the brain.

    The Maastricht Study

    • Large-scale study with 10,000 participants, including individuals with type 2 diabetes.
    • Multidisciplinary team focused on understanding chronic diseases, cardiovascular health, brain function, lifestyle factors, and biomarkers.
    • Aims to deepen understanding of the impact of physical activity on various aspects of health.

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    Related Documents

    Summary Of Hms Physical Activity And Health PDF

    Description

    Dive into the concept of energy expenditure, including its components such as Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF), and the impact of physical activity. Discover how factors like age, sex, genetics, and hormonal levels influence energy use in the body. Perfect for understanding the basics of energy dynamics.

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