Energy Acquisition in Animals

A smaller surface-to-volume ratio results in higher energy consumption due to increased heat loss. An example is mice, which have a high metabolic rate due to their small body size.

Daily torpor is a short-term reduction in metabolism and body temperature, while hibernation is a prolonged state of sleep with reduced metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature. Woodchucks are an example of true hibernators.

Larger animals require more energy overall, but less energy per gram of body mass. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is directly proportional to body mass, with larger animals requiring more energy at rest.

<p>Factors affecting energy consumption include body size, activity level, and environment. These factors impact metabolic rate, with larger animals requiring more energy overall, but less energy per gram of body mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animals allocate energy for basal metabolism, activity, growth, reproduction, and thermoregulation. Penguins are an example, with high energy expenditure for activity and thermoregulation due to their cold environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The BMR of humans is around 1600-1800 calories per day for men and 1400-1600 calories per day for women, which is relatively low compared to other animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endothermic animals have internal mechanisms to generate heat, such as metabolic processes that produce heat as a byproduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endothermic animals generate heat internally, while ectothermic animals rely on external sources of heat, such as the sun or a warm rock, to regulate their body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermoregulation strategies include insulation, circulatory adaptations, evaporative cooling, behavioral responses, and metabolic adjustments, which help animals conserve or generate heat to maintain a steady body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>River otters maintain a steady body temperature despite changes in water temperature, while naked mole-rats allow their body temperature to fluctuate with the temperature of their underground tunnels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Counter-current heat exchange allows arteries and veins to be situated close together, reducing heat loss and conserving heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animals use behavioral responses such as seeking shade, burrowing underground, or changing activity patterns to regulate their body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeothermy is the ability to maintain a constant internal temperature despite changes in the external environment, while poikilothermy is the ability to allow internal temperature to fluctuate with the external environment. This difference impacts an organism's ability to maintain a constant internal temperature, with homeothermic organisms being able to regulate their temperature independently of the environment, whereas poikilothermic organisms are dependent on environmental temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both birds and walruses use behavioral adaptations to regulate their body temperature, but they differ in their physical adaptations. Birds use feathers for insulation, while walruses use blubber. Birds also use behavioral adaptations such as seeking shade, whereas walruses use burrowing to regulate their body temperature. These adaptations enable them to maintain a stable body temperature in their respective environments, with birds in warm environments and walruses in cold environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Circulatory adaptations, such as counter-current heat exchange, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction, play a crucial role in thermoregulation by enabling organisms to conserve heat or release heat. For example, counter-current heat exchange helps conserve heat in cold environments, while vasodilation and vasoconstriction allow organisms to release heat or conserve heat in response to changes in environmental temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-shivering thermogenesis is a thermoregulatory strategy that enables organisms to generate heat through metabolic processes without shivering. This process allows organisms to increase their heat production in response to cold environments, enabling them to maintain a stable body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evaporative cooling is a thermoregulatory strategy that enables organisms to release heat through the evaporation of water. This process allows organisms to cool down in response to high environmental temperatures, and is often used in conjunction with other adaptations such as behavioral adaptations and circulatory adaptations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nervous system provides momentary control through electrical impulses, while the endocrine system provides longer-term regulation through hormones released into the bloodstream, with the two systems often interacting to achieve homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulators use internal mechanisms to maintain a steady internal environment, while conformers allow their internal conditions to follow the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endocrine system is controlled by master glands, such as the hypothalamus and pituitary, which regulate hormone production and release in response to internal and external stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feedback control is a key concept that involves the nervous and endocrine systems working together to maintain homeostasis through negative and positive feedback loops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones are signaling chemicals that travel through the bloodstream to reach target cells, where they trigger specific responses to maintain homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ultimate goal of homeostasis is to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment, achieved through the coordinated effort of the nervous and endocrine systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Set points are specific conditions that an animal's body strives to maintain, such as osmolarity, oxygen levels, and temperature. They are related to internal organs and body temperature, as organs help maintain a steady state, and the body temperature is maintained at a set point of around 37°C (98.6°F) through internal mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain functions as a sensor and control center by detecting changes in body temperature and responding with electric impulses to regulate body functions. This involves mechanisms such as sweat production and capillary expansion/contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback loops occur when a product (e.g., hormone) reaches a high level, triggering a response to decrease production, whereas positive feedback loops occur when a product (e.g., hormone) reaches a high level, triggering a response to increase production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melatonin is a hormone associated with sleep, with levels increasing at night and decreasing during the day. Melatonin levels peak at around 4:00 a.m. and then decrease, leading to increased metabolic activity and wakefulness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Circadian rhythms are controlled by the body's internal clock, influencing sleep-wake cycles, feeding, and other activities. They are a type of regulation that involves regularly repeating patterns, such as daily rhythms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Circadian rhythms are daily repeating patterns, while annual rhythms are repeating patterns that occur over the course of a year. They both relate to an organism's overall regulation of bodily functions, influencing activities such as sleep-wake cycles, feeding, reproduction, and migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissues provide protection, form outer coverings, and line internal cavities. Their structures and functions vary based on their location, such as cuboidal cells in glands, columnar cells in the intestines, and squamous cells in the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissues provide support, connect, and provide elasticity and strength, whereas muscle tissues provide movement and locomotion. Connective tissues have diverse cell types and functions, while muscle tissues have three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac, with unique structures and functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous tissues are unique to animals, consisting of neurons and glial cells, and are responsible for sensing, interpreting, and responding to stimuli. They enable animals to perceive and respond to their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hierarchical organization of life in animals consists of molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms. Each level has emerging properties and functions that are not present in the lower levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle is striated, multinucleated, and voluntary; smooth muscle is non-striated, single nucleated, and involuntary; and cardiac muscle is striated, single nucleated, and involuntary. Each type has unique structures and functions in movement, locomotion, and contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glial cells provide maintenance, nourishment, and support to neurons, enabling them to function properly. They play a crucial role in the development, maintenance, and regeneration of nervous tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers