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Questions and Answers
Which type of blood vessel has concentric rings of medial smooth muscle cells?
Which type of blood vessel has concentric rings of medial smooth muscle cells?
What is the main component of the capillary wall?
What is the main component of the capillary wall?
What can loss of aortic elastic tissue in a large artery result in?
What can loss of aortic elastic tissue in a large artery result in?
Which blood vessel has relatively poorly developed medial layers?
Which blood vessel has relatively poorly developed medial layers?
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Which of the following is a key feature of the vascular endothelium?
Which of the following is a key feature of the vascular endothelium?
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What is the synthetic pathway for nitric oxide?
What is the synthetic pathway for nitric oxide?
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Which state of the endothelium is associated with increased activity?
Which state of the endothelium is associated with increased activity?
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What is the function of active compounds synthesized by the endothelium?
What is the function of active compounds synthesized by the endothelium?
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What role does oxidative stress play in endothelial dysfunction?
What role does oxidative stress play in endothelial dysfunction?
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What role does endothelium function play in atherosclerosis?
What role does endothelium function play in atherosclerosis?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature in the formation of atheromatous plaques?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature in the formation of atheromatous plaques?
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What is the main process that leads to the modification of lipoproteins?
What is the main process that leads to the modification of lipoproteins?
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Which of the following is associated with endothelial dysfunction?
Which of the following is associated with endothelial dysfunction?
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What does endothelial dysfunction provide a window into?
What does endothelial dysfunction provide a window into?
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How are modified LDLs removed from the bloodstream?
How are modified LDLs removed from the bloodstream?
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What effect does endothelial damage have on clotting?
What effect does endothelial damage have on clotting?
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What type of lipoproteins are mainly oxidized by free radicals produced by endothelial cells?
What type of lipoproteins are mainly oxidized by free radicals produced by endothelial cells?
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How can endothelial function be assessed in vivo?
How can endothelial function be assessed in vivo?
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Whose endothelial dysfunction can be assessed?
Whose endothelial dysfunction can be assessed?
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What can be done about endothelial dysfunction?
What can be done about endothelial dysfunction?
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Which of the following is NOT a constituent of the vascular wall?
Which of the following is NOT a constituent of the vascular wall?
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What is the function of the endothelium in blood vessels?
What is the function of the endothelium in blood vessels?
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Which of the following is a function of endothelial cells in blood vessels?
Which of the following is a function of endothelial cells in blood vessels?
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What is the key regulator of vascular tone?
What is the key regulator of vascular tone?
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What is the role of endothelial cells in vascular repair?
What is the role of endothelial cells in vascular repair?
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What happens to endothelial cells when exposed to certain mediators?
What happens to endothelial cells when exposed to certain mediators?
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What is the function of thrombomodulin in endothelial cells?
What is the function of thrombomodulin in endothelial cells?
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What is the effect of inflammation on the balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant properties of the endothelium?
What is the effect of inflammation on the balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant properties of the endothelium?
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What are the steps involved in leucocyte extravasation?
What are the steps involved in leucocyte extravasation?
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What is the effect of injury or exposure to certain mediators on endothelial cells?
What is the effect of injury or exposure to certain mediators on endothelial cells?
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Study Notes
Blood Vessels
- Arteries with concentric rings of medial smooth muscle cells are called muscular arteries.
- The main component of the capillary wall is a single layer of endothelial cells.
- Loss of aortic elastic tissue in a large artery can result in aneurysm formation.
- Veins have relatively poorly developed medial layers.
- A key feature of the vascular endothelium is its ability to produce nitric oxide (NO) synthase.
Endothelial Function
- Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from L-arginine through the action of NO synthase.
- The activated state of the endothelium is associated with increased activity.
- Active compounds synthesized by the endothelium, such as NO and prostacyclin, inhibit platelet aggregation.
- Oxidative stress plays a role in endothelial dysfunction.
- Endothelial dysfunction contributes to atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis
- A characteristic feature of atheromatous plaque formation is the accumulation of modified lipoproteins.
- The main process leading to lipoprotein modification is oxidation.
- Endothelial dysfunction is associated with hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia.
- Endothelial dysfunction provides a window into cardiovascular risk.
Lipoproteins and Endothelial Function
- Modified LDLs are removed from the bloodstream by macrophages.
- Endothelial damage promotes clotting by inducing a procoagulant state.
- Oxidized LDLs are mainly produced by free radicals generated by endothelial cells.
- Endothelial function can be assessed in vivo using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and other methods.
- Endothelial dysfunction can be assessed in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Endothelial Repair and Inflammation
- Endothelial cells play a role in vascular repair by producing growth factors and adhesion molecules.
- Exposure to certain mediators can cause endothelial cells to become activated.
- Thrombomodulin, produced by endothelial cells, inhibits thrombin and activates protein C.
- Inflammation disrupts the balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant properties of the endothelium.
- Leucocyte extravasation involves rolling, adhesion, and migration through the endothelium.
- Injury or exposure to certain mediators can activate endothelial cells.
Miscellaneous
- The endothelium is NOT a constituent of the vascular wall.
- The endothelium in blood vessels regulates vascular tone, blood pressure, and immune responses.
- Endothelial cells are involved in vascular repair and inflammation.
- The key regulator of vascular tone is nitric oxide (NO).
- Endothelial dysfunction can be improved through lifestyle changes and pharmacological interventions.
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Description
Test your knowledge of endothelial cell function and dysfunction with this quiz. Learn about the key features of the vascular endothelium and the differences in structure and permeability. Join Pedro Del Corral, Ph.D. M.D., Associate Professor in the Department of Physiology & Pathology at Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, for an informative quiz on October 25th, 2023.
