Podcast
Questions and Answers
Veins have ______ walls and large lumens.
Veins have ______ walls and large lumens.
thinner
Capillaries are made up of a ______ cell layer.
Capillaries are made up of a ______ cell layer.
single
Fenestrated capillaries are common in the small ______.
Fenestrated capillaries are common in the small ______.
intestine
The primary function of pericytes is to stabilize the capillary ______.
The primary function of pericytes is to stabilize the capillary ______.
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PDGF acts as a ______ that induces movement in nearby cells.
PDGF acts as a ______ that induces movement in nearby cells.
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Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) binds to______ receptors on endothelial cells.
Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) binds to______ receptors on endothelial cells.
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Continuous capillaries are characterized by a complete endothelial lining with ______ junctions.
Continuous capillaries are characterized by a complete endothelial lining with ______ junctions.
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Sinusoid capillaries have large openings that allow blood cells to ______ into the blood supply.
Sinusoid capillaries have large openings that allow blood cells to ______ into the blood supply.
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Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels from the existing ______.
Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels from the existing ______.
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Vasculogenesis is the process of de novo blood vessel formation by ______.
Vasculogenesis is the process of de novo blood vessel formation by ______.
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The pulmonary circulation results in deoxygenated blood leaving the heart and travelling to the ______.
The pulmonary circulation results in deoxygenated blood leaving the heart and travelling to the ______.
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The systemic circulation is where oxygenated blood leaves the heart and travels through ______ around the body.
The systemic circulation is where oxygenated blood leaves the heart and travels through ______ around the body.
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Blood vessels also help to remove ______ from tissues to the lungs.
Blood vessels also help to remove ______ from tissues to the lungs.
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In embryonic development, tissues are maintained by ______ of gases, nutrients and metabolites.
In embryonic development, tissues are maintained by ______ of gases, nutrients and metabolites.
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The cardiovascular network is the first organ system to develop in the ______.
The cardiovascular network is the first organ system to develop in the ______.
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Pathological conditions like tumor angiogenesis impact normal ______ processes in the body.
Pathological conditions like tumor angiogenesis impact normal ______ processes in the body.
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Endothelial cells are derived from ______ stem cells.
Endothelial cells are derived from ______ stem cells.
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Endothelial cells are simple, ______ epithelia.
Endothelial cells are simple, ______ epithelia.
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The exchange of materials occurs across the capillary ______.
The exchange of materials occurs across the capillary ______.
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Endothelial cells produce ______ gas to help dilate blood vessels.
Endothelial cells produce ______ gas to help dilate blood vessels.
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Fluid filtration occurs in structures such as the ______ of the kidney.
Fluid filtration occurs in structures such as the ______ of the kidney.
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Veins can develop ______ due to weakness in their walls and valves.
Veins can develop ______ due to weakness in their walls and valves.
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The thickest layer of arteries is the ______ muscle layer.
The thickest layer of arteries is the ______ muscle layer.
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Endothelial cells act as a semi-permeable barrier between plasma and ______.
Endothelial cells act as a semi-permeable barrier between plasma and ______.
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Oxidised LDL contributes to endothelial cell ______.
Oxidised LDL contributes to endothelial cell ______.
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The migration of monocytes and lymphocytes occurs into the ______ interna.
The migration of monocytes and lymphocytes occurs into the ______ interna.
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Monocytes convert into ______ when they migrate into the tissue.
Monocytes convert into ______ when they migrate into the tissue.
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Foam cells and platelets encourage the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells to the ______.
Foam cells and platelets encourage the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells to the ______.
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A protective fibrous cap normally forms between the fatty deposits and the artery ______.
A protective fibrous cap normally forms between the fatty deposits and the artery ______.
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Ruptures of the fibrous cap expose thrombogenic material, such as ______.
Ruptures of the fibrous cap expose thrombogenic material, such as ______.
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Plaques can block the blood vessel entirely or move into the ______ and block smaller vessels.
Plaques can block the blood vessel entirely or move into the ______ and block smaller vessels.
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If it is a myocardial infarction, the results can be ______.
If it is a myocardial infarction, the results can be ______.
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Endothelial cells (ECs) line all blood ______.
Endothelial cells (ECs) line all blood ______.
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Endothelial cells are activated by the presence of ______, released by cells in low oxygen environments.
Endothelial cells are activated by the presence of ______, released by cells in low oxygen environments.
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The transition from the prevascular to the vascular phase is referred to as the 'angiogenic ______'.
The transition from the prevascular to the vascular phase is referred to as the 'angiogenic ______'.
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Perivascular cells such as ______ stabilize capillaries.
Perivascular cells such as ______ stabilize capillaries.
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Angiogenesis occurs by two processes; sprouting angiogenesis and ______.
Angiogenesis occurs by two processes; sprouting angiogenesis and ______.
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Lack of oxygen and nutrients prevents the growth of tumors in excess of ______ mm in diameter.
Lack of oxygen and nutrients prevents the growth of tumors in excess of ______ mm in diameter.
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EC tip cells migrate towards the increasing ______ concentration gradient.
EC tip cells migrate towards the increasing ______ concentration gradient.
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Monoclonal antibodies such as Bevacizumab block tumor cell-derived ______, impairing the development of new vessels.
Monoclonal antibodies such as Bevacizumab block tumor cell-derived ______, impairing the development of new vessels.
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Effective inhibition of tumor angiogenesis might arrest or halt tumor ______ but would not eradicate the tumor.
Effective inhibition of tumor angiogenesis might arrest or halt tumor ______ but would not eradicate the tumor.
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Atherosclerosis is a multistep process ranging from endothelial ______ to plaque development.
Atherosclerosis is a multistep process ranging from endothelial ______ to plaque development.
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Cholesterol is carried around the body by low density ______ (LDLs).
Cholesterol is carried around the body by low density ______ (LDLs).
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When endothelial cells engulf LDL, they oxidize it to a product called ______ LDL.
When endothelial cells engulf LDL, they oxidize it to a product called ______ LDL.
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LDLs are usually taken out of circulation by the ______.
LDLs are usually taken out of circulation by the ______.
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Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from the pre-existing ______.
Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from the pre-existing ______.
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Hypoxia, or lack of oxygen, causes cells to produce ______, which is a key factor in promoting angiogenesis.
Hypoxia, or lack of oxygen, causes cells to produce ______, which is a key factor in promoting angiogenesis.
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When O2 is scarce, unmodified HIF1α migrates to the ______ where it promotes the expression of VEGF.
When O2 is scarce, unmodified HIF1α migrates to the ______ where it promotes the expression of VEGF.
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Intussusceptive angiogenesis involves the ______ of an existing blood vessel into two.
Intussusceptive angiogenesis involves the ______ of an existing blood vessel into two.
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The ability of an enzyme called prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) to add an O2 molecule to proline amino acids in ______ is essential for sensing oxygen levels.
The ability of an enzyme called prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) to add an O2 molecule to proline amino acids in ______ is essential for sensing oxygen levels.
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Endothelial cells line the inner surface of ______.
Endothelial cells line the inner surface of ______.
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Pathological conditions like tumour angiogenesis can significantly affect normal ______ processes in the body.
Pathological conditions like tumour angiogenesis can significantly affect normal ______ processes in the body.
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In embryonic development, a vascular system is required to transfer ______ and nutrients effectively.
In embryonic development, a vascular system is required to transfer ______ and nutrients effectively.
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Vasculogenesis refers to the formation of blood vessels by ______ cells.
Vasculogenesis refers to the formation of blood vessels by ______ cells.
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Atherosclerosis is a multifaceted process that starts with endothelial ______.
Atherosclerosis is a multifaceted process that starts with endothelial ______.
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Capillaries have a ______ cell layer that allows for efficient material exchange.
Capillaries have a ______ cell layer that allows for efficient material exchange.
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Continuous capillaries are characterized by a complete endothelial lining with tight ______.
Continuous capillaries are characterized by a complete endothelial lining with tight ______.
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Fenestrated capillaries are commonly found in the small ______ and kidneys.
Fenestrated capillaries are commonly found in the small ______ and kidneys.
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The primary function of ______ is to stabilize the capillary structure.
The primary function of ______ is to stabilize the capillary structure.
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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) acts as a ______ that induces movement in nearby cells.
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) acts as a ______ that induces movement in nearby cells.
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Sinusoid capillaries allow blood cells to enter the blood supply through their large ______.
Sinusoid capillaries allow blood cells to enter the blood supply through their large ______.
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Pericytes are localized primarily at ______-endothelial junctions.
Pericytes are localized primarily at ______-endothelial junctions.
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Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) binds to Tie-2 ______ on endothelial cells.
Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) binds to Tie-2 ______ on endothelial cells.
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Endothelial cells form a barrier between the blood and the ______ wall.
Endothelial cells form a barrier between the blood and the ______ wall.
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The smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels can dilate due to the production of ______ gas by endothelial cells.
The smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels can dilate due to the production of ______ gas by endothelial cells.
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The primary role of endothelial cells includes fluid ______ in structures like the glomerulus of the kidney.
The primary role of endothelial cells includes fluid ______ in structures like the glomerulus of the kidney.
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Arteries have ______ walls and small lumens compared to veins.
Arteries have ______ walls and small lumens compared to veins.
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Neutrophil recruitment in endothelial cells is facilitated by the expression of ______.
Neutrophil recruitment in endothelial cells is facilitated by the expression of ______.
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The internal elastic layer is found in larger ______.
The internal elastic layer is found in larger ______.
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Blood vessels transport ______ around the body, including hormones and nutrients.
Blood vessels transport ______ around the body, including hormones and nutrients.
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Endothelial cells allow small metabolites to pass through by ______ and filtration.
Endothelial cells allow small metabolites to pass through by ______ and filtration.
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The principal angiogenic ligand is ______.
The principal angiogenic ligand is ______.
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The key to lumen formation is ______ repulsion.
The key to lumen formation is ______ repulsion.
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Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) interferes with Ang1-Tie2 ______.
Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) interferes with Ang1-Tie2 ______.
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Step 1 in angiogenesis is endothelial cell ______.
Step 1 in angiogenesis is endothelial cell ______.
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Nitric oxide causes ______ and increased permeability.
Nitric oxide causes ______ and increased permeability.
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Anastomosis is the formation of an interconnected ______ space.
Anastomosis is the formation of an interconnected ______ space.
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VEGF stimulates the production of ______ by cells.
VEGF stimulates the production of ______ by cells.
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The three receptors for VEGF are VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and ______.
The three receptors for VEGF are VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and ______.
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Drugs like Bevacizumab block tumor cell-derived ______, impairing the development of new vessels.
Drugs like Bevacizumab block tumor cell-derived ______, impairing the development of new vessels.
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Atherosclerosis can lead to thrombus formation and ______ events.
Atherosclerosis can lead to thrombus formation and ______ events.
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Oxidized LDL is formed when endothelial cells ______ LDL.
Oxidized LDL is formed when endothelial cells ______ LDL.
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The lack of oxygen and nutrients typically prevents the growth of tumors larger than ______ mm in diameter.
The lack of oxygen and nutrients typically prevents the growth of tumors larger than ______ mm in diameter.
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Monoclonal antibodies are used to target VEGF receptors and ______ isoforms.
Monoclonal antibodies are used to target VEGF receptors and ______ isoforms.
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The effective inhibition of tumor angiogenesis might halt tumor progression but not completely ______ the tumor.
The effective inhibition of tumor angiogenesis might halt tumor progression but not completely ______ the tumor.
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Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) can cause injury to ______ cells.
Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) can cause injury to ______ cells.
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What is the primary function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during hypoxia?
What is the primary function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during hypoxia?
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Which process describes the splitting of an existing blood vessel into two?
Which process describes the splitting of an existing blood vessel into two?
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What happens to HIF1α when oxygen levels are sufficient?
What happens to HIF1α when oxygen levels are sufficient?
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What condition is characterized by a restriction in blood supply to tissues, leading to a lack of oxygen?
What condition is characterized by a restriction in blood supply to tissues, leading to a lack of oxygen?
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What role does prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) play in oxygen sensing in cells?
What role does prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) play in oxygen sensing in cells?
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What is the primary purpose of monoclonal antibodies like Bevacizumab in cancer treatment?
What is the primary purpose of monoclonal antibodies like Bevacizumab in cancer treatment?
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Which of the following aspects does not contribute to tumor growth beyond 1-2 mm in diameter?
Which of the following aspects does not contribute to tumor growth beyond 1-2 mm in diameter?
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What is a potential side effect associated with therapies targeting tumor angiogenesis?
What is a potential side effect associated with therapies targeting tumor angiogenesis?
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Which component is not directly involved in the process of atherosclerosis development?
Which component is not directly involved in the process of atherosclerosis development?
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When endothelial cells engulf LDL, what is the primary transformation that occurs?
When endothelial cells engulf LDL, what is the primary transformation that occurs?
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What role does the angiogenic switch play in tumor physiology?
What role does the angiogenic switch play in tumor physiology?
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What is a key limitation of using angiogenesis inhibitors in cancer therapy?
What is a key limitation of using angiogenesis inhibitors in cancer therapy?
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What is a likely result if the endothelial layer is severely affected by oxidized LDL?
What is a likely result if the endothelial layer is severely affected by oxidized LDL?
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What structural characteristic distinguishes continuous capillaries from fenestrated capillaries?
What structural characteristic distinguishes continuous capillaries from fenestrated capillaries?
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What role do pericytes play in the vascular system?
What role do pericytes play in the vascular system?
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In which structure are sinusoid capillaries primarily found?
In which structure are sinusoid capillaries primarily found?
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What is the primary function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
What is the primary function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?
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What is the primary function of a smooth muscle layer in blood vessels?
What is the primary function of a smooth muscle layer in blood vessels?
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What is the significance of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) in vascular biology?
What is the significance of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) in vascular biology?
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Which type of capillaries has no elastic layers and is primarily a site of nutrient absorption?
Which type of capillaries has no elastic layers and is primarily a site of nutrient absorption?
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What role do mural cells (perivascular cells) play in the vascular system?
What role do mural cells (perivascular cells) play in the vascular system?
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What is the primary function of endothelial cells in the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of endothelial cells in the circulatory system?
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Which of the following properties are characteristic of arteries?
Which of the following properties are characteristic of arteries?
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How do endothelial cells contribute to fluid filtration?
How do endothelial cells contribute to fluid filtration?
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Which gas do endothelial cells produce that influences blood vessel dilation?
Which gas do endothelial cells produce that influences blood vessel dilation?
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What condition results from a weakness in vein walls and valves?
What condition results from a weakness in vein walls and valves?
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What type of epithelial cells are endothelial cells classified as?
What type of epithelial cells are endothelial cells classified as?
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In terms of blood flow, which statement about arteries and veins is true?
In terms of blood flow, which statement about arteries and veins is true?
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What role do endothelial cells play in hormone trafficking?
What role do endothelial cells play in hormone trafficking?
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What is the first step in angiogenesis?
What is the first step in angiogenesis?
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Which VEGF receptor is primarily associated with angiogenic signaling?
Which VEGF receptor is primarily associated with angiogenic signaling?
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What role do proteases play in the angiogenic process?
What role do proteases play in the angiogenic process?
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Which of these molecules is involved in creating fenestrations in the endothelium?
Which of these molecules is involved in creating fenestrations in the endothelium?
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What is the function of electrostatic repulsion in the process of tubulogenesis?
What is the function of electrostatic repulsion in the process of tubulogenesis?
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During angiogenesis, what causes pericytes to detach from endothelial cells?
During angiogenesis, what causes pericytes to detach from endothelial cells?
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Which process involves the fusion of two endothelial cell sprouts?
Which process involves the fusion of two endothelial cell sprouts?
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What is the result of increased permeability in the context of angiogenesis?
What is the result of increased permeability in the context of angiogenesis?
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What role does oxidised LDL play in the process of endothelial injury?
What role does oxidised LDL play in the process of endothelial injury?
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What happens to monocytes after they invade the sub-endothelial space?
What happens to monocytes after they invade the sub-endothelial space?
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What is the likely consequence of a rupture in the protective fibrous cap of plaque?
What is the likely consequence of a rupture in the protective fibrous cap of plaque?
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Which cells are primarily responsible for the ingestion of lipids and potentially leading to foam cell formation?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the ingestion of lipids and potentially leading to foam cell formation?
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What can be a direct effect of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) blocking the blood vessel?
What can be a direct effect of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) blocking the blood vessel?
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What indicates the transition of monocytes into macrophages upon entering the tunica interna?
What indicates the transition of monocytes into macrophages upon entering the tunica interna?
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What is one effect of circulating monocytes invading the sub-endothelial space regarding inflammation?
What is one effect of circulating monocytes invading the sub-endothelial space regarding inflammation?
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Why can a myocardial infarction be fatal rapidly following blockage?
Why can a myocardial infarction be fatal rapidly following blockage?
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What unique function do endothelial cells serve in the circulatory system?
What unique function do endothelial cells serve in the circulatory system?
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Which characteristic is NOT typical of arteries?
Which characteristic is NOT typical of arteries?
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What does the production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells primarily cause?
What does the production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells primarily cause?
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What is NOT a mechanism by which endothelial cells facilitate hormone trafficking?
What is NOT a mechanism by which endothelial cells facilitate hormone trafficking?
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Which structure is critically involved in the filtration process within the kidney?
Which structure is critically involved in the filtration process within the kidney?
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Which of the following describes the composition of the outer layer of an artery?
Which of the following describes the composition of the outer layer of an artery?
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What condition is often associated with a weakness of vein walls and valves?
What condition is often associated with a weakness of vein walls and valves?
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What mechanism allows endothelial cells to stabilize the formation of new blood vessels?
What mechanism allows endothelial cells to stabilize the formation of new blood vessels?
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Endothelial cells contribute to neutrophil recruitment through the expression of which molecule?
Endothelial cells contribute to neutrophil recruitment through the expression of which molecule?
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During the process of sprouting angiogenesis, what role do tip cells play?
During the process of sprouting angiogenesis, what role do tip cells play?
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What distinguishes intussusception from sprouting angiogenesis?
What distinguishes intussusception from sprouting angiogenesis?
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Which process is directly initiated by the presence of VEGF?
Which process is directly initiated by the presence of VEGF?
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Which factors must be present for endothelial cells to detach from the extracellular matrix?
Which factors must be present for endothelial cells to detach from the extracellular matrix?
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Which cellular change occurs after monocytes invade the sub-endothelial space?
Which cellular change occurs after monocytes invade the sub-endothelial space?
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What is the consequence of a rupture in the fibrous cap of plaque?
What is the consequence of a rupture in the fibrous cap of plaque?
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What happens to platelets in the presence of oxidised LDL?
What happens to platelets in the presence of oxidised LDL?
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Which condition can arise from the complete blockage of a blood vessel by plaque?
Which condition can arise from the complete blockage of a blood vessel by plaque?
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What primarily distinguishes angiogenesis from vasculogenesis?
What primarily distinguishes angiogenesis from vasculogenesis?
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Which statement accurately describes a role of endothelial cells in the circulatory system?
Which statement accurately describes a role of endothelial cells in the circulatory system?
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During the development of foam cells, what process do macrophages undergo?
During the development of foam cells, what process do macrophages undergo?
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What results from the ingestion of lipids by smooth muscle cells in the intima?
What results from the ingestion of lipids by smooth muscle cells in the intima?
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In what way does hypoxia influence angiogenesis?
In what way does hypoxia influence angiogenesis?
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What is the primary function of the systemic circulation in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of the systemic circulation in the cardiovascular system?
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What is a critical factor that determines the extent of injury during a myocardial infarction?
What is a critical factor that determines the extent of injury during a myocardial infarction?
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What characterizes pathological conditions like tumor angiogenesis?
What characterizes pathological conditions like tumor angiogenesis?
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During embryonic development, what is the necessity for establishing a cardiovascular network?
During embryonic development, what is the necessity for establishing a cardiovascular network?
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What occurs during intussusceptive angiogenesis?
What occurs during intussusceptive angiogenesis?
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Which process prevents tumors from growing larger than a specific size without the formation of new blood vessels?
Which process prevents tumors from growing larger than a specific size without the formation of new blood vessels?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) in vessel maturation?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) in vessel maturation?
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Which of the following factors is primarily known as an angiogenic inhibitor?
Which of the following factors is primarily known as an angiogenic inhibitor?
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Which process is primarily responsible for tumor angiogenesis?
Which process is primarily responsible for tumor angiogenesis?
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What crucial role does VEGFA play in angiogenesis?
What crucial role does VEGFA play in angiogenesis?
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Which of the following statements about placental growth factor (PIGF) is true?
Which of the following statements about placental growth factor (PIGF) is true?
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Which of the following transformations is associated with sustained tumor growth through angiogenesis?
Which of the following transformations is associated with sustained tumor growth through angiogenesis?
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The activation of which oncogenic process supports the transition from normal tissue to tumor development?
The activation of which oncogenic process supports the transition from normal tissue to tumor development?
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What is the primary effect of hypoxia on cells regarding angiogenesis?
What is the primary effect of hypoxia on cells regarding angiogenesis?
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What is the primary characteristic that differentiates fenestrated capillaries from continuous capillaries?
What is the primary characteristic that differentiates fenestrated capillaries from continuous capillaries?
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What type of capillaries is primarily found in the kidneys, aiding in filtration processes?
What type of capillaries is primarily found in the kidneys, aiding in filtration processes?
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Which function is directly associated with the PDGF (Platelet-derived growth factor)?
Which function is directly associated with the PDGF (Platelet-derived growth factor)?
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What structural feature of continuous capillaries aids their tight barrier function?
What structural feature of continuous capillaries aids their tight barrier function?
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Which component produced by pericytes is essential for stabilizing capillary structures?
Which component produced by pericytes is essential for stabilizing capillary structures?
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Which statement accurately describes the composition of mural cells?
Which statement accurately describes the composition of mural cells?
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What do the large openings in sinusoid capillaries allow for in the blood supply?
What do the large openings in sinusoid capillaries allow for in the blood supply?
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What is the process of sprouting angiogenesis?
What is the process of sprouting angiogenesis?
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Which factor primarily stimulates the production of VEGF?
Which factor primarily stimulates the production of VEGF?
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What occurs when oxygen levels are sufficient in relation to HIF1α?
What occurs when oxygen levels are sufficient in relation to HIF1α?
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What is a characteristic of intussusceptive angiogenesis?
What is a characteristic of intussusceptive angiogenesis?
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Which role does prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) play in the process of angiogenesis?
Which role does prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) play in the process of angiogenesis?
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What is one of the unique functions of endothelial cells?
What is one of the unique functions of endothelial cells?
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What is a characteristic feature of arteries?
What is a characteristic feature of arteries?
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Which molecule do endothelial cells produce to help dilate blood vessels?
Which molecule do endothelial cells produce to help dilate blood vessels?
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What is the primary function of the endothelial cell layer?
What is the primary function of the endothelial cell layer?
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What condition describes the weakness of veins leading to their expansion?
What condition describes the weakness of veins leading to their expansion?
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Which structure acts as a transport network for hormones and the immune system?
Which structure acts as a transport network for hormones and the immune system?
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What is the process by which endothelial cells aid in recruiting neutrophils?
What is the process by which endothelial cells aid in recruiting neutrophils?
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Which of the following best describes the endothelial cells?
Which of the following best describes the endothelial cells?
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What is the principal angiogenic ligand in the process of angiogenesis?
What is the principal angiogenic ligand in the process of angiogenesis?
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What causes the detachment of pericytes during the angiogenesis process?
What causes the detachment of pericytes during the angiogenesis process?
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Which molecule is responsible for stimulating endothelial cell migration and increasing permeability?
Which molecule is responsible for stimulating endothelial cell migration and increasing permeability?
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What is the first step in the process of angiogenesis?
What is the first step in the process of angiogenesis?
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What role does CD34 play in lumen formation during angiogenesis?
What role does CD34 play in lumen formation during angiogenesis?
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What is the process of anastomosis in angiogenesis?
What is the process of anastomosis in angiogenesis?
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Which receptors are primarily associated with VEGF?
Which receptors are primarily associated with VEGF?
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Which factor is critical for signaling and maintaining endothelial cell stability during angiogenesis?
Which factor is critical for signaling and maintaining endothelial cell stability during angiogenesis?
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What is the 'angiogenic switch' associated with?
What is the 'angiogenic switch' associated with?
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What effect does Bevacizumab have on tumor growth?
What effect does Bevacizumab have on tumor growth?
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What is a primary consequence of atherosclerosis?
What is a primary consequence of atherosclerosis?
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Which component do LDLs primarily transport in the body?
Which component do LDLs primarily transport in the body?
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What does oxidized LDL contribute to within the vascular system?
What does oxidized LDL contribute to within the vascular system?
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Effective inhibition of tumor angiogenesis primarily prevents what?
Effective inhibition of tumor angiogenesis primarily prevents what?
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What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in tumor angiogenesis treatment?
What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in tumor angiogenesis treatment?
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What is the primary function of endothelial cells in blood vessels?
What is the primary function of endothelial cells in blood vessels?
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Which factor is primarily responsible for activating endothelial cells to sprout new blood vessels?
Which factor is primarily responsible for activating endothelial cells to sprout new blood vessels?
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What type of angiogenesis involves the formation of new vessels from pre-existing ones?
What type of angiogenesis involves the formation of new vessels from pre-existing ones?
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Which cells are responsible for stabilizing capillaries?
Which cells are responsible for stabilizing capillaries?
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What happens to endothelial cells when they detach from pericytes during angiogenesis?
What happens to endothelial cells when they detach from pericytes during angiogenesis?
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What role does Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) play in vascular physiology?
What role does Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) play in vascular physiology?
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Which factor primarily promotes angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions?
Which factor primarily promotes angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions?
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What is the consequence of sustained angiogenesis in tumors?
What is the consequence of sustained angiogenesis in tumors?
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Which of the following is considered an angiogenic inhibitor?
Which of the following is considered an angiogenic inhibitor?
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Which characteristic is NOT part of the process of tumor angiogenesis?
Which characteristic is NOT part of the process of tumor angiogenesis?
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What is one of the angiogenic activators produced during pregnancy?
What is one of the angiogenic activators produced during pregnancy?
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Which transformation is part of the process by which tumors can invade surrounding tissues?
Which transformation is part of the process by which tumors can invade surrounding tissues?
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What mechanism is involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis?
What mechanism is involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis?
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Study Notes
Endothelial Cells and Angiogenesis
- Endothelial cells (ECs) are cells that line the inner surface of all blood vessels.
- They are derived from angioblast precursor stem cells.
- The major blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries.
- Perivascular cells, like pericytes, stabilize capillaries, while smooth muscle cells enhance the function of arteries and veins.
- Angiogenesis is a complex process that involves two primary mechanisms: sprouting and intussusception. In the sprouting process, new blood vessels emerge as sprouts from existing vascular networks, typically driven by growth factors. Conversely, intussusception involves the division of established blood vessels, creating new lumens through the inward pinching of vessel walls.
Vascular Homeostasis
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Activators:
- Hypoxia: This condition arises when there is insufficient oxygen available to tissues, which can trigger adaptive responses in various cellular processes, including angiogenesis.
- VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, especially VEGFA): VEGF is crucial for the formation of blood vessels, promoting the proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, and its expression is significantly upregulated under hypoxic conditions.
- FGF-1 (Fibroblast Growth Factor-1): Recognized for its potent ability to stimulate endothelial cell proliferation, FGF-1 plays a significant role in promoting angiogenesis during tissue repair and regeneration.
- Placental Growth Factor: This factor is predominantly expressed during pregnancy and is essential for the development of the placenta, as it facilitates the formation of the maternal-fetal blood supply and regulates angiogenesis.
- Angiopoietin-2: This protein works in conjunction with VEGF to modulate blood vessel formation and stability, particularly during inflammation and tissue repair processes, where its expression may increase in response to various stimuli.
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Inhibitors:
- Soluble VEGF receptor-1, also known as sVEGFR-1, is a decoy receptor that can bind to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inhibiting its activity and thus preventing angiogenesis, which is crucial in tumor growth and metastasis.
- Endostatin is a peptide derived from the cleavage of type XVIII collagen, and it possesses anti-angiogenic properties, effectively blocking endothelial cell proliferation and migration, which are essential steps in new blood vessel formation.
- Angiostatin is a internally cleaved fragment of plasminogen that acts as a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis by interfering with endothelial cell metabolism and growth, thereby restricting the blood supply to tumors and limiting their growth potential.
Tumor Angiogenesis
- Tumor angiogenesis is the tumor's ability to create new blood vessels.
- This enables tumor expansion, local invasion, and dissemination.
- Angiogenesis is one of six cellular transformations that lead to tumor malignancy.
- Key factors in tumor angiogenesis include:
- Self-sufficiency in growth signals (oncogene activation): This concept refers to the ability of cancer cells to generate their own signals that stimulate cell proliferation and survival. Usually, normal cells depend on external growth signals, but in oncogenically transformed cells, such as those with mutations in genes like Ras or Myc, growth signaling becomes autonomous, driving uncontrolled division.
- Evasion of cell death signals (growth factor production): Cancer cells often evade apoptosis, the programmed cell death that typically serves as a safeguard against cancer. By upregulating the production of growth factors, these cells can create a microenvironment that favors their survival even in conditions that would normally trigger cell death.
- Insensitivity to anti-growth signals (Rb mutations): The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is a crucial regulator of the cell cycle. Mutations that inactivate Rb disrupt its ability to suppress progression through the cell cycle, allowing for continued proliferation in the absence of appropriate growth signals.
- Limitless proliferation (telomerase function): Cancer cells often express the enzyme telomerase, which maintains the length of telomeres at the ends of chromosomes. This activity allows cells to bypass senescence and continue dividing perpetually, contributing to tumor growth.
- Sustained angiogenesis (VEGF, FGF production): Tumors require a blood supply for nutrient and oxygen delivery. The sustained production of angiogenic factors such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) facilitates the formation of new blood vessels, enabling tumor expansion and metastasis.
- Tissue invasion and metastasis (E-cadherin inactivation): Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through a process termed metastasis. Inactivation of E-cadherin, a protein that helps cells adhere to one another, promotes the detachment of tumor cells from the primary site, allowing them to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant organs.
Blood Vessels: Properties and Types
- Arteries: Thick walls, small lumens; larger arteries have an internal elastic layer; smooth muscle is the thickest layer; the outer layer is connective tissue, protecting and binding the artery.
- Veins: Thinner walls, large lumens; no elastic layers, have valves; smooth muscle layer is thinner than the outer connective tissue layer.
- Capillaries: Single cell-layer of endothelial cells, surrounded by a basement membrane.
Capillaries: Types
- Continuous: Complete endothelial lining with tight junctions, allowing small metabolite diffusion and filtration.
- Fenestrated: Common in the small intestine and kidneys; have pores (fenestrations) for more rapid absorption/filtration.
- Sinusoid: Have large openings (sinuses) to allow larger molecules and blood cells to pass for functions such as hematopoiesis.
Endothelial Cell Function
- Act as a semi-permeable barrier between plasma and tissue (fluid filtration, like in kidneys).
- Blood vessel tone—produce nitric oxide (NO) to dilate smooth muscle.
- Haemostasis—mechanism ending bleeding.
- Recruit neutrophils (via P-selectin) and traffic hormones.
Endothelial Cell Types
- Derived from angioblast stem cells.
- Simple squamous epithelium lining blood and lymphatic vessels.
- Simple epithelium allows small metabolites to pass by diffusion/filtration and secretes lubricating substances.
The Circulatory System
- Pulmonary Circulation: Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart, travels to the lungs, gets oxygenated, and returns to the heart.
- Systemic Circulation: Oxygenated blood leaves the heart, travels through arteries to the body, becomes deoxygenated, and returns to the heart through veins.
The Requirement for a Vascular System
- In embryonic development, tissues are initially maintained by diffusion of gases, nutrients, and metabolites.
- For complex structures, a way to transport gases and nutrients is needed.
- The cardiovascular system is the first organ system to develop in an embryo.
Endothelial Cell Activation
- Angiogenesis first step involves endothelial cell activation.
- This process is crucial for tissue remodeling and repair, as proteases facilitate the degradation of the extracellular matrix, allowing for cell migration and new tissue formation. The breakdown of the matrix is essential not only for wound healing but also in various physiological and pathological processes, including cancer progression and inflammation.
- Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key signaling protein involved in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. By promoting nitric oxide (NO) production, VEGF induces vasodilation, which leads to increased blood flow and enhanced permeability of blood vessels. This mechanism is vital for delivering nutrients and oxygen to tissues, particularly in response to injury or hypoxia.
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Test your knowledge on the human circulatory system with this quiz. You'll explore topics related to blood vessels, capillaries, and processes such as angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Perfect for students studying biology or anatomy.
