5.1 Endocrine
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of second messengers in hormone signaling?

  • To transport hormones through the bloodstream
  • To inhibit hormone biosynthesis
  • To activate hormone receptors (correct)
  • To synthesize hormones

    • Which of the following hormone receptors is NOT correctly paired with its activation mechanism?

  • Ligand-gated ion channel - activation of gene transcription (correct)
  • Intracellular receptor - binding of hormone to receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus
  • G-protein coupled receptor - activation of G-protein
  • Tyrosine kinase receptor - phosphorylation of tyrosine

    • What is the primary difference between the three main classes of hormones?

  • Their mechanisms of action
  • Their modes of intercellular communication
  • Their classifications of endocrine disorders
  • Their chemical structure (correct)

    • What is the result of the inhibition of biosynthesis of eicosanoids?

    <p>Reduced inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hormones that require carrier proteins in blood?

    <p>Low water solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of action of catecholamines compared to thyroxine or GH?

    <p>Seconds for catecholamines, months for thyroxine or GH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of negative feedback mechanisms in hormone secretion?

    <p>To prevent overactivity of hormone systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of positive feedback in hormone secretion?

    <p>Surges of anterior pituitary hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a single blood sample less useful than stimulation tests in hormone secretion?

    <p>Because hormone secretion is pulsatile and varies with time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for a cell to respond to a particular hormone?

    <p>The presence of a specific receptor for that hormone on the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a second messenger in hormone signaling?

    <p>To activate or inhibit enzymes involved in metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the receptors for catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids typically located?

    <p>In the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of steroid hormones on target cells?

    <p>They directly affect target cells' metabolic activity or structure by altering the rate of DNA transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hormone binding in the plasma membrane?

    <p>It gives rise to a second messenger that acts as an enzyme activator, inhibitor, or cofactor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final outcome of the binding of a hormone to its receptor in the cell cytoplasm or nucleus?

    <p>The alteration of the rate of DNA transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of down-regulation of hormone receptors on the target tissue?

    <p>It decreases the number of active receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of ion channel-linked receptors?

    <p>They usually cause opening or closing of a channel for K+, Ca++, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the hormone-receptor complex on gene transcription in intracellular hormone receptors?

    <p>It alters the rate of DNA transcription and pattern of protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of G-proteins in G protein-linked hormone receptors?

    <p>They are the link between the first and 2nd messenger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the activation of receptor tyrosine kinase on the cell?

    <p>It initiates cascades of phosphorylation reactions within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the activation of phospholipase C on the plasma membrane?

    <p>It breaks down the plasma membrane phospholipid PIP2 to DAG and IP3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inositol triphosphate (IP3) in the phospholipase C system?

    <p>It opens Ca++ channels of the ER.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the binding of hormone to its receptor on the activity of adenylyl cyclase?

    <p>It increases the activity of adenylyl cyclase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in hormone signaling?

    <p>It is a 2nd messenger that exerts intracellular effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the endocrine system and the nervous system?

    <p>To maintain homeostasis by coordinating activities of cells, tissues, organs, and systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

    <p>One uses electrical impulses, and the other uses chemical messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands is responsible for the secretion of melatonin?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the release of hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of other hormones?

    <p>Tropic hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hormone secreted by the heart that helps regulate blood pressure?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the chemical messengers that are involved in the regulation of immune responses?

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

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