Endocrinology Quiz on Hormones

<p>Catecholamines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are found as free form in blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting the synthesis of ACTH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased glycogenolysis in the liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paraventricular region of the hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of ACTH synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α-MSN and β-endorphin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased energy availability from stored fats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limbic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By altering gene expression after binding to nuclear receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes the uptake of thyroglobulin into thyroid cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased basal metabolic rate (BMR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reproductive system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is converted to T3 by deiodinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormones exert negative feedback on TSH production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortical bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>99% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The balance determines calcium release and uptake, influencing plasma levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It plays a minor role in regulating plasma calcium levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to decreased growth and development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell division is stimulated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sickness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress impairs growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits DNA synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gigantism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibited growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accelerated bone maturation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Very slow growth rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in bone thickness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates protein catabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tall-eunichoid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A class of hormones, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, that are derived from tyrosine.

Hormones derived from cholesterol, characterized by their lipid solubility.

A type of steroid hormone, important for regulating salt and water balance.

A class of steroid hormones, crucial for regulating blood sugar and metabolism.

Hormones composed of chains of amino acids, mostly water-soluble.

Travel freely in the bloodstream (as free form).

Travel bound to proteins in the blood.

The gland located above the kidney, producing hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone.

Redirection of blood flow from internal organs (like the digestive system) to skeletal muscles during stress or exercise. This ensures that muscles receive adequate oxygen and nutrients for increased activity.

Slowing down of the digestive process during stress. This conserves energy and resources for immediate needs.

The kidneys hold onto sodium and water during stress, increasing blood volume and pressure to support increased blood flow to muscles.

Breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver and muscles, releasing glucose to provide immediate energy during stress or exercise.

The process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (like amino acids) in the liver to maintain blood sugar levels during stress.

Breakdown of fat stores to release fatty acids, which can be used as fuel for energy production during extended stress or exercise.

A hormone released by the hypothalamus in response to stress. It signals the pituitary gland to release ACTH.

A hormone released by the pituitary gland in response to CRH. ACTH travels to the adrenal glands and stimulates the release of cortisol.

Most T3 and T4 circulate bound to proteins in plasma, primarily thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), albumin, and transthretin. This binding ensures their stability and prevents rapid breakdown.

T3 enters cells and binds to its receptor inside the nucleus. This complex then binds to DNA, altering gene expression and influencing various metabolic processes.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulating the release of TSH by the pituitary gland. It also influences prolactin release.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) increases thyroid gland activity by stimulating thyroglobulin uptake, T3 and T4 release, thyroid cell growth, iodine metabolism, and overall thyroid gland metabolism.

Increased Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) with weight loss, enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), heat intolerance, excessive sweating, emotional lability, and potentially difficulty swallowing or breathing due to thyroid gland enlargement.

In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones, leading to low TSH levels. This is because a negative feedback loop is triggered.

Enlargement of the thyroid gland, observed in both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid states, indicating thyroid gland dysfunction.

Iodine levels are generally normal in hyperthyroidism. The gland uses iodine efficiently but still overproduces thyroid hormones.

Bone serves as the primary storage site for calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate in the body.

The main hormone responsible for maintaining calcium balance in the blood. It increases calcium levels by promoting its release from bone and absorption in the gut.

A hormone that aids in calcium absorption from the gut, thereby increasing blood calcium levels.

A hormone that lowers blood calcium levels by reducing bone resorption. It plays a lesser role compared to PTH.

The dense outer layer of bone, making up 80% of bone mass. Strong and rigid, it provides structural support and bears weight.

The inner, less dense layer of bone, making up 20% of bone mass. It is light and porous, allowing it to withstand compressive forces.

Bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete bone matrix, forming new bone tissue.

Bone-resorbing cells that break down bone tissue, releasing calcium and phosphate into the blood.

The process of the epiphyseal plate being converted to bone, ending longitudinal growth.

Brain growth occurs primarily in early childhood while bone growth occurs later in life.

Human growth occurs in three main stages - fetal, postnatal, and puberty.

Growth requires essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and energy-providing nutrients like carbohydrates and protein.

Malnutrition during infancy and early childhood can lead to stunted growth and impaired cognitive development.

The most important hormone for postnatal growth, stimulating cell division and bone lengthening.

Growth hormone stimulates the release of IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor-1), which mediates most of its growth-promoting effects.

Growth hormone can stimulate lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and reduce insulin-induced glucose uptake.

High doses of cortisol inhibit growth by suppressing DNA synthesis, promoting protein breakdown, hindering bone growth, causing bone resorption, and interfering with growth hormone release.

Excessive growth hormone production before puberty, resulting in increased bone length.

Excessive growth hormone production after puberty, leading to thickened bones and enlarged soft tissues (hands, feet, head).

Lack of growth hormone, leading to stunted growth before puberty and minimal clinical symptoms in adults.

Growth hormone is released most during adolescence and declines with age.

Growth hormone therapy is used to treat growth deficiencies in children.

Growth hormone therapy may be used in elderly patients to improve muscle mass and bone density.

Growth hormone is banned in sports due to its potential for performance enhancement.