Endocrinology Quiz: Hormones Overview
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Questions and Answers

How many hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

  • 7
  • 4
  • 6 (correct)
  • 5

The anterior pituitary gland only secretes exocrine hormones.

False (B)

Name two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary.

ADH and Oxytocin

The hormone __________ triggers sleep and is produced by the pineal gland.

<p>melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is caused by low secretion of growth hormone during childhood?

<p>Dwarfism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following anterior pituitary hormones with their functions:

<p>GH = Regulates growth of long bones Prolactin = Stimulates milk production FSH = Stimulates ovarian follicle growth LH = Triggers ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Melatonin production is highest during daylight hours.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major role does growth hormone play in the human body?

<p>Regulating growth and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of calcitonin?

<p>Decrease calcium ion concentrations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyposecretion of thyroxine in children can lead to cretinism.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one condition associated with hyperthyroidism.

<p>Graves’ disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Goiter is mainly caused by a deficiency in ______.

<p>iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their primary function:

<p>T3 = Regulates metabolism T4 = Increases energy production Calcitonin = Regulates calcium levels PTH = Increases calcium concentration in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is produced by the thyroid gland?

<p>T4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

PTH function includes decreasing blood calcium levels.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can severe calcium deficiency lead to?

<p>Tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas?

<p>Glucagon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin promotes the absorption of glucose from the blood into muscle cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fasting blood glucose concentration range?

<p>4.0 to 6.0 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hormone _____ decreases blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake.

<p>insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to insulin and glucagon levels when blood glucose levels decrease?

<p>Insulin decreases and glucagon increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following glucose regulation processes with their definitions:

<p>Glycogenesis = Formation of glycogen from glucose Glycogenolysis = Breakdown of glycogen into glucose Gluconeogenesis = Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperglycemia is defined as elevated blood glucose levels, while _____ refers to decreased blood glucose levels.

<p>hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin in metabolism?

<p>It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism primarily regulates hormone release due to another hormone's influence?

<p>Hormonal stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-steroidal hormones can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of target cell receptors in hormonal action?

<p>To bind the hormone and initiate a change in cellular activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones are __________ soluble and can diffuse through plasma membranes.

<p>fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect that steroid hormones can have on target cells?

<p>Change gene transcription directly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of hormonal action with their characteristics:

<p>Steroid hormones = Can change plasma membrane permeability Non-steroid hormones = Bind to receptors on plasma membrane Hormonal stimulus = Regulation by another hormone Feedback mechanisms = Control hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

Negative feedback is a mechanism that only increases hormone release.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the three mechanisms that categorize the stimulation of the endocrine glands.

<p>Hormonal, humoral, or neural.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone has an antagonistic effect to insulin?

<p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polyuria is a symptom of diabetes characterized by excessive thirst.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three cardinal signs of diabetes?

<p>Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diabetic _____ is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease.

<p>nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur as a result of diabetic microangiopathy?

<p>Glucosuria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the diabetic complications with their descriptions:

<p>Retinopathy = Damage to the eyes due to diabetes Nephropathy = Kidney damage due to diabetes Cardiovascular disease = Increased risk of heart disease due to diabetes Diabetic foot = Poor circulation leading to foot issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aspirin and fish oil are used to prevent atheroma build-up.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a medication that can reduce endogenous cholesterol production.

<p>Statins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which endocrine organ is responsible for the secretion of insulin?

<p>Pancreas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parathyroid gland regulates blood calcium ions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is thought to trigger ovulation?

<p>LH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hormone responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics is __________.

<p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus.

<p>Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland with their functions:

<p>Growth Hormone = Stimulates growth Prolactin = Stimulates milk production Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) = Stimulates adrenal cortex Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) = Stimulates thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one condition associated with the thyroid gland.

<p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hormones is true?

<p>Hormones are released into the blood circulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Steroid Hormones

Hormones that are lipid-soluble and can pass through the cell membrane to bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

Non-Steroid Hormones

Hormones that are water-soluble and cannot pass through the cell membrane. They bind to receptors on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.

Second Messenger

A molecule within a cell that relays signals from a receptor on the cell surface to intracellular targets.

G Protein

A complex protein that acts as a molecular 'switch' in the cell, often activated by a second messenger like cAMP.

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Hormonal Stimulus

A process where a hormone is released in response to another hormone.

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Humoral Stimulus

A process where a hormone is released in response to changes in the blood levels of certain substances.

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Neural Stimulus

A process where a hormone is released in response to nerve impulses.

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Negative Feedback

A feedback mechanism where the product of a process inhibits the process itself.

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Thyroxine (T4)

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate metabolism and energy production.

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Calcitonin

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that plays a role in maintaining calcium levels in the blood.

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Goiter

A condition caused by an enlarged thyroid gland, typically due to iodine deficiency.

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Hypothyroidism

A condition characterized by the under-production of thyroid hormones, resulting in slowed metabolism and physical development.

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Hyperthyroidism

A condition characterized by the over-production of thyroid hormones, resulting in increased metabolism and energy.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

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Hypocalcemia

A condition characterized by low blood calcium levels, which can lead to muscle spasms and convulsions.

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Hypercalcemia

A condition characterized by high blood calcium levels, which can weaken bones and increase the risk of kidney stones.

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How many hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for producing and secreting six major hormones: Growth Hormone (GH), Prolactin, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).

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What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

The hypothalamus, located in the brain, controls the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. It does this by secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones that act on the anterior pituitary, stimulating or suppressing the production and secretion of its own hormones.

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How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

The posterior pituitary gland releases two main hormones: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin.

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What are the effects of growth hormone deficiency or excess?

Growth hormone plays a vital role in regulating skeletal muscle growth and long bone development. It influences the overall growth of the body. Deficient or excessive growth hormone levels can lead to various structural abnormalities. Too little GH in childhood can lead to dwarfism, while excessive GH can cause gigantism or acromegaly in adults.

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What is the function of the pineal gland?

The pineal gland, located deep within the brain, produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Its secretion is highest at night, promoting drowsiness and lowest during daylight hours, contributing to wakefulness.

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What is melatonin?

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland. It acts as a sleep trigger, promoting drowsiness and regulating the body's natural sleep-wake cycles.

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What are exocrine glands?

Exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts that lead to specific target areas, such as the surface of the skin or into the lumen of organs like the stomach.

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What are endocrine glands?

Endocrine glands release their secretions, called hormones, directly into the bloodstream. These hormones then travel throughout the body and can exert a wide variety of effects on target cells or organs.

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Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

Tiny masses located in the exocrine region of the pancreas that produce hormones.

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Insulin

A hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that regulates glucose metabolism.

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Glucagon

A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels.

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Gluconeogenesis

The process of converting non-carbohydrate sources (like lactic acid, glycerol, and amino acids) into glucose.

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Glycogenesis

The process of storing glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscle.

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Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules.

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Blood Glucose Homeostasis

The maintenance of blood glucose within a narrow range.

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Negative Feedback Mechanism

A system where a change in blood glucose levels triggers a response that brings it back to normal.

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Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

A condition caused by a lack of insulin or the inability of the body to use insulin properly, leading to high blood sugar levels.

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Cardinal Signs of Diabetes

The three main symptoms of diabetes mellitus: frequent urination, excessive thirst, and increased hunger.

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Glucosuria

The presence of abnormally high glucose levels in the urine, a common symptom of diabetes.

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Diabetic Angiopathies

Diabetes-related damage to blood vessels, affecting the kidneys, eyes, and lower limbs, leading to complications like kidney failure, blindness, and amputations.

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Diabetic Macroangiopathy

A complication of diabetes involving damage to large blood vessels, leading to poor circulation in the extremities. This often results in atherosclerotic clots and abnormalities, impairing blood flow.

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Diabetic Microangiopathy

A complication of diabetes involving damage to small blood vessels, particularly capillaries. This thickening of capillary membranes disrupts the exchange of nutrients and oxygen, leading to local ischemia (lack of blood flow) and tissue damage.

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Diabetic Retinopathy

A complication of diabetes affecting the eyes, causing vision problems and potentially leading to blindness. It's characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina, affecting the delicate structure of the eye.

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Diabetic Nephropathy

A complication of diabetes affecting the kidneys, causing damage to the small blood vessels within the nephrons. This leads to proteinuria, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and eventually kidney failure.

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Which endocrine organ secretes insulin?

The pancreas is an endocrine gland responsible for producing and releasing insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels.

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Which endocrine organ regulates blood calcium levels?

The parathyroid glands, located near the thyroid, play a crucial role in regulating blood calcium levels by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH).

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Which hormone triggers ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a crucial hormone involved in ovulation. It triggers the release of a mature egg from the ovary.

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Which hormone is responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics?

Testosterone, a hormone produced by the testes, is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deepening of the voice, and muscle growth.

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What are the 3 cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus?

The three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus are: 1. Frequent urination, 2. Excessive thirst, and 3. Increased hunger.

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List the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.

The anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several hormones, including: 1. Growth Hormone (GH), 2. Prolactin, 3. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), 4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH), 5. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), and 6. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).

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List the 2 hormones produced by the pancreas.

The pancreas produces two main hormones: 1. Insulin, and 2. Glucagon.

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List two conditions associated with increased glucose levels.

Two conditions associated with increased glucose levels are: 1. Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2), and 2. Hyperglycemia.

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Study Notes

The Endocrine System

  • The endocrine system is a collection of glands and specialized cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
  • It works alongside the nervous system to control bodily functions.
  • The study of hormones and endocrine organs is called endocrinology.
  • Hormones regulate growth, development, coordination, homeostasis, glandular secretion, metabolism, hunger, reproduction, digestion, circadian rhythms, electrolyte balance, moods, emotions& immune response.

Learning Outcomes

  • Students should be able to define and describe:
    • The endocrine system
    • Hormone action
    • Signaling cascades/second messengers
    • Major endocrine organs (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, and pancreatic islets)
    • Diseases associated with hormone imbalance (diabetes mellitus)

The Chemistry of Hormones

  • Hormones are chemical substances secreted by endocrine cells that travel through the bloodstream to affect cells in other parts of the body.
  •  Non steroidal hormones (amino acid based): include proteins, peptides, and amines. They cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to receptors on the cell surface.
  • Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol and can diffuse through cell membranes. They bind to receptors inside the cell.

Mechanism of Hormone Action

  • Hormones can change plasma membrane permeability, activate or inactivate enzymes, stimulate or inhibit cell division, promote or inhibit secretion of a product, and turn on or off certain genes.
  •  Steroid hormones interact directly with DNA within the nucleus.
  • Non-steroidal hormones use second messengers.

Control of Hormone Release

  • Hormone release is controlled by three mechanisms:
    • Hormonal (other hormones stimulate or inhibit other glands)
    • Humoral (blood levels of substances regulate the release)
    • Neural (Nerve impulses directly regulate hormone release)

The Role of Target Cell Receptors in Hormonal Action

  • For a hormone to affect a target cell, the cell must have receptors that can bind the hormone.
  • Binding of the hormone initiates a change in cellular activity.

Major Organs and Hormones of the Endocrine System

  • List of major endocrine organs and their associated hormones. Includes specifics like where they are located in the body.

Three Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Control over Endocrine Organs

  • The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones.
  • It controls the anterior pituitary gland.
  • Also regulates the adrenal medulla.

Endocrine & Exocrine Glands

  • Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream.
  • Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts.

Remember this

  • The table provided lists the location, hormones secreted, target organs, and associated diseases for each endocrine gland.

Glucose Regulation and Metabolism

  • Terms related to glucose synthesis and metabolism, like gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycolysis.

Insulin and Diabetes Mellitus

  • Insulin: The hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas for regulating blood glucose.
  • Diabetes mellitus: A condition caused by insulin deficiency/resistance resulting in increased blood glucose, including symptoms including:
    • Polyuria
    • Polydipsia
    • Polyphagia

Blood Glucose Homeostasis

  • The processes by which the body maintains blood glucose levels within a narrow range.

Quiz

  • A variety of multiple-choice questions about the endocrine system and its functions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, as well as the functions of various hormones in the endocrine system. This quiz covers key concepts related to hormone production, effects, and related conditions. Perfect for students in biology or health sciences!

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