Endocrinology Quiz: Hormones Overview
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Questions and Answers

How many hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

  • 7
  • 4
  • 6 (correct)
  • 5

    • The anterior pituitary gland only secretes exocrine hormones.

    False

    Name two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary.

    ADH and Oxytocin

    The hormone __________ triggers sleep and is produced by the pineal gland.

    <p>melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is caused by low secretion of growth hormone during childhood?

    <p>Dwarfism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following anterior pituitary hormones with their functions:

    <p>GH = Regulates growth of long bones Prolactin = Stimulates milk production FSH = Stimulates ovarian follicle growth LH = Triggers ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Melatonin production is highest during daylight hours.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major role does growth hormone play in the human body?

    <p>Regulating growth and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of calcitonin?

    <p>Decrease calcium ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyposecretion of thyroxine in children can lead to cretinism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one condition associated with hyperthyroidism.

    <p>Graves’ disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Goiter is mainly caused by a deficiency in ______.

    <p>iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary function:

    <p>T3 = Regulates metabolism T4 = Increases energy production Calcitonin = Regulates calcium levels PTH = Increases calcium concentration in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is produced by the thyroid gland?

    <p>T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PTH function includes decreasing blood calcium levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can severe calcium deficiency lead to?

    <p>Tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin promotes the absorption of glucose from the blood into muscle cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal fasting blood glucose concentration range?

    <p>4.0 to 6.0 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone _____ decreases blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake.

    <p>insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to insulin and glucagon levels when blood glucose levels decrease?

    <p>Insulin decreases and glucagon increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glucose regulation processes with their definitions:

    <p>Glycogenesis = Formation of glycogen from glucose Glycogenolysis = Breakdown of glycogen into glucose Gluconeogenesis = Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperglycemia is defined as elevated blood glucose levels, while _____ refers to decreased blood glucose levels.

    <p>hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin in metabolism?

    <p>It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism primarily regulates hormone release due to another hormone's influence?

    <p>Hormonal stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-steroidal hormones can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of target cell receptors in hormonal action?

    <p>To bind the hormone and initiate a change in cellular activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steroid hormones are __________ soluble and can diffuse through plasma membranes.

    <p>fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect that steroid hormones can have on target cells?

    <p>Change gene transcription directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of hormonal action with their characteristics:

    <p>Steroid hormones = Can change plasma membrane permeability Non-steroid hormones = Bind to receptors on plasma membrane Hormonal stimulus = Regulation by another hormone Feedback mechanisms = Control hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative feedback is a mechanism that only increases hormone release.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the three mechanisms that categorize the stimulation of the endocrine glands.

    <p>Hormonal, humoral, or neural.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone has an antagonistic effect to insulin?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polyuria is a symptom of diabetes characterized by excessive thirst.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three cardinal signs of diabetes?

    <p>Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetic _____ is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease.

    <p>nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur as a result of diabetic microangiopathy?

    <p>Glucosuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the diabetic complications with their descriptions:

    <p>Retinopathy = Damage to the eyes due to diabetes Nephropathy = Kidney damage due to diabetes Cardiovascular disease = Increased risk of heart disease due to diabetes Diabetic foot = Poor circulation leading to foot issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspirin and fish oil are used to prevent atheroma build-up.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a medication that can reduce endogenous cholesterol production.

    <p>Statins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine organ is responsible for the secretion of insulin?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parathyroid gland regulates blood calcium ions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is thought to trigger ovulation?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics is __________.

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus.

    <p>Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland with their functions:

    <p>Growth Hormone = Stimulates growth Prolactin = Stimulates milk production Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) = Stimulates adrenal cortex Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) = Stimulates thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one condition associated with the thyroid gland.

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hormones is true?

    <p>Hormones are released into the blood circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Endocrine System

    • The endocrine system is a collection of glands and specialized cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
    • It works alongside the nervous system to control bodily functions.
    • The study of hormones and endocrine organs is called endocrinology.
    • Hormones regulate growth, development, coordination, homeostasis, glandular secretion, metabolism, hunger, reproduction, digestion, circadian rhythms, electrolyte balance, moods, emotions& immune response.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Students should be able to define and describe:
      • The endocrine system
      • Hormone action
      • Signaling cascades/second messengers
      • Major endocrine organs (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, and pancreatic islets)
      • Diseases associated with hormone imbalance (diabetes mellitus)

    The Chemistry of Hormones

    • Hormones are chemical substances secreted by endocrine cells that travel through the bloodstream to affect cells in other parts of the body.
    •  Non steroidal hormones (amino acid based): include proteins, peptides, and amines. They cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to receptors on the cell surface.
    • Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol and can diffuse through cell membranes. They bind to receptors inside the cell.

    Mechanism of Hormone Action

    • Hormones can change plasma membrane permeability, activate or inactivate enzymes, stimulate or inhibit cell division, promote or inhibit secretion of a product, and turn on or off certain genes.
    •  Steroid hormones interact directly with DNA within the nucleus.
    • Non-steroidal hormones use second messengers.

    Control of Hormone Release

    • Hormone release is controlled by three mechanisms:
      • Hormonal (other hormones stimulate or inhibit other glands)
      • Humoral (blood levels of substances regulate the release)
      • Neural (Nerve impulses directly regulate hormone release)

    The Role of Target Cell Receptors in Hormonal Action

    • For a hormone to affect a target cell, the cell must have receptors that can bind the hormone.
    • Binding of the hormone initiates a change in cellular activity.

    Major Organs and Hormones of the Endocrine System

    • List of major endocrine organs and their associated hormones. Includes specifics like where they are located in the body.

    Three Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Control over Endocrine Organs

    • The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones.
    • It controls the anterior pituitary gland.
    • Also regulates the adrenal medulla.

    Endocrine & Exocrine Glands

    • Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream.
    • Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts.

    Remember this

    • The table provided lists the location, hormones secreted, target organs, and associated diseases for each endocrine gland.

    Glucose Regulation and Metabolism

    • Terms related to glucose synthesis and metabolism, like gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycolysis.

    Insulin and Diabetes Mellitus

    • Insulin: The hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas for regulating blood glucose.
    • Diabetes mellitus: A condition caused by insulin deficiency/resistance resulting in increased blood glucose, including symptoms including:
      • Polyuria
      • Polydipsia
      • Polyphagia

    Blood Glucose Homeostasis

    • The processes by which the body maintains blood glucose levels within a narrow range.

    Quiz

    • A variety of multiple-choice questions about the endocrine system and its functions.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, as well as the functions of various hormones in the endocrine system. This quiz covers key concepts related to hormone production, effects, and related conditions. Perfect for students in biology or health sciences!

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