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What is the most common thyroid function status in goiter cases?
Which symptom has the highest sensitivity in autoimmune hypothyroidism?
What is a possible complication of an enlarging goiter?
In hypothyroidism, which of the following is a common differential diagnosis if TSH levels are normal but symptoms persist?
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Which of the following symptoms has the lowest sensitivity in autoimmune hypothyroidism?
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What characterizes central hypothyroidism?
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What is a common diagnosis criterion for subclinical hypothyroidism?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of central hypothyroidism?
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Which demographic has the highest prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism?
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When is treatment recommended for patients with subclinical hypothyroidism?
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What is the prognosis for individuals with a TSH level between 4.0 - 10.0 mIU/L without intervention?
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What is the significance of testing for thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO)?
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What is a common characteristic of overt primary hypothyroidism?
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Which demographic is at the highest risk for developing overt hypothyroidism?
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What should clinicians remain alert for regarding thyroid dysfunction?
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Which statement reflects the screening recommendations by the CTFPHC?
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What is the recommended management for overt primary hypothyroidism?
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What risk is associated with untreated hypothyroidism?
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What does the USPSTF state about screening for thyroid dysfunction in nonpregnant adults?
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Which of the following conditions is strongly associated with primary hypothyroidism?
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Study Notes
Goiter
- Goiters can be euthyroid, hypothyroid, or hyperthyroid.
- Most goiters are euthyroid.
- Enlarged goiters can cause difficulty breathing, swallowing, or hoarseness.
- Management: Referral for ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (if nodule). Treatment varies with serum findings.
- Prognosis: Generally good prognosis, but may require surgery if the goiter enlarges.
Autoimmune Hypothyroidism Symptoms
- Sensitivity refers to percentage of patients with hypothyroidism experiencing the symptoms.
- LR+ (Likelihood Ratio Positive) is a measure of how likely a patient is to have hypothyroidism if they have a specific symptom.
- LR- (Likelihood Ratio Negative) is a measure of how likely a patient is to not have hypothyroidism if they do not have a specific symptom.
Hypothyroid and Euthyroid Comparisons
- Symptom experience: Compare the prevalence of symptoms in hypothyroid vs. euthyroid patients.
- Symptom progression: Assess how likely a symptom is to change in patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism.
- Number of symptoms: Examine the average number of symptoms reported in hypothyroid vs. euthyroid patients.
Autoimmune Hypothyroidism
- It can be primary, subclinical, or central.
- Prevalence is higher in females, elderly adults, and those with autoimmune disorders.
- Diagnostic tests include TSH, fT4, and TPO antibodies.
- Treatment is typically thyroid hormone replacement therapy (T4).
Thyroid Function in Pregnancy
- Thyroid hormone requirements increase 20-40% as early as four weeks.
- This is due to estrogen-mediated increased thyroid-binding globulin, increased volume of distribution of thyroid hormone, and placental metabolism and transport of maternal thyroxine.
Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy
- Occurs in 0.3-0.5% of pregnancies (overt) and 2-3% (subclinical).
- It can lead to:
- Miscarriage
- Gestational hypertension
- Pre-eclampsia
- Preterm birth and low birth weight
- Anemia
- Fetal neurocognitive deficits
- Treatment with thyroid hormone replacement therapy (levothyroxine, LT4) reduces the risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, and improves fetal intellectual development.
Hypothyroid-Related Complications in Pregnancy
- Increased risk of miscarriage, recurrent loss, premature delivery, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia, postpartum thyroiditis, and lower offspring IQ.
- These risks are higher in patients with elevated thyroid antibodies.
CTFPHC Screening Recommendations
- The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC) strongly recommends against screening asymptomatic nonpregnant adults for thyroid dysfunction.
- They argue this is unlikely to confer clinical benefit and could lead to unnecessary treatment.
US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)
- The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) states that current evidence is insufficient on the balance of benefits and harms of screening for thyroid dysfunction in nonpregnant, asymptomatic adults.
Thyroidal Disease Differential Diagnosis
- Conditions that mimic or co-exist with hypothyroidism include:
- Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis
- Subclinical thyroiditis
- Iodine deficiency
- Goiter
- Myxedema coma
- Euthyroid sick syndrome
- Riedel thyroiditis
- Subacute thyroiditis
- Thyroid lymphoma
Differential Diagnosis (If Symptoms Persist With Normal TSH)
- Anemia (vitamin B12 or iron deficiency)
- Autoimmune deficiencies (rare)
- Adrenal insufficiency
### Central Hypothyroidism
- Defined as hypothyroidism due to insufficient stimulation by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of an otherwise normal thyroid gland.
- May be secondary (pituitary) or tertiary (hypothalamus) in origin.
- Prevalence is less than 1% of hypothyroid cases.
- Hypothyroid symptoms are often milder.
- Management requires referral for a TRH Stimulation Test.
- Prognosis: Similar to primary hypothyroidism.
Subclinical Hypothyroidism
- TSH is elevated but thyroxine (fT4) is normal.
- Occurs in 5-8% of females, 3% of males, and 3-15% of the general population in the US.
- Most patients are asymptomatic, but some experience hypothyroid symptoms.
- Management typically involves treatment with levothyroxine (T4 replacement therapy) if the TSH is greater than 10 mIU/L, TPO antibodies are present, or if the patient is symptomatic or has cardiovascular risk factors.
- If the TSH is 4.0 - 10.0 mIU/L, monitoring is recommended every 6-12 months.
- Prognosis: 60% resolve without intervention within 5 years, but 2-6% develop overt thyroid dysfunction.
- Increased risk of fracture, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure if TSH is greater than 10 mIU/L.
Overt (Primary) Hypothyroidism
- Elevated serum TSH and low thyroxine (fT4).
- Occurs in 0.3% of US adults, predominantly affecting females age 65 and older.
- Symptoms listed previously.
- Treatment with thyroid hormone replacement therapy (T4).
- Prognosis: Good with treatment, but without treatment there is a high risk of morbidity and mortality.
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Description
This quiz explores goiters, their types, symptoms of autoimmune hypothyroidism, and the comparison between hypothyroid and euthyroid patients. Test your knowledge on management strategies, symptom prevalence, and diagnosis methods related to thyroid health.
