Endocrine Tumors and Diabetes Mellitus Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic feature of pheochromocytoma?

Decreased levels of insulin

Fibrous capsule formation

Presence of amyloid deposition

Abundant secretory granules (correct)

Type II diabetes mellitus is associated with insulitis of the islets of Langerhans.

False

What type of staining is used to identify beta cells in the islets of Langerhans?

Immunohistochemical staining with antibody to insulin

The pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor resembling islet cells is known as an ______.

insulinoma Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of diabetes mellitus with their characteristics:

Type I Diabetes = Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells Type II Diabetes = Amyloid deposition in islet cells Pheochromocytoma = Medullary mass of adrenal glands Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor = Can produce insulin leading to hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What causes multiple gastric and duodenal ulcerations in some pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?

Gastrin production Signup and view all the answers

The islets of Langerhans can be identified by the presence of both insulin and glucagon in cellular staining.

True Signup and view all the answers

What features are associated with the tumor cells of pheochromocytoma?

Abundant basophilic cytoplasm and prominent cell-nesting pattern (Zellballen) Signup and view all the answers

What type of thyroiditis is characterized by destroyed follicles and a granulomatous reaction?

Subacute thyroiditis Signup and view all the answers

Papillary thyroid carcinoma features fibrous bands separating irregular nodules.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of cells predominantly found in parathyroid adenoma?

Chief cells Signup and view all the answers

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis causes the thyroid gland to be diffusely enlarged and weigh approximately ______ grams.

160 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with follicular thyroid carcinoma?

Nodular surface Signup and view all the answers

Match the following thyroid conditions with their characteristics:

Multinodular goiter = Enlarged thyroid gland with nodules Hashimoto’s thyroiditis = Firm gland with a pale tan cut surface Papillary thyroid carcinoma = Branching papillae with ground-glass nuclei Follicular thyroid carcinoma = Microfollicular pattern with capsular invasion Signup and view all the answers

What features characterize the cells in pituitary adenoma?

Abundant cytoplasm and uniform nuclear morphology Signup and view all the answers

The tumor cells in adrenal cortical carcinoma have large nuclei and prominent ______.

nucleoli Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Endocrine Lab - Fall 2024

Course offered by the Faculty of Medicine at Gala University.

Thyroid Gland

Subacute Thyroiditis (Giant cell-De Quervan's granulomatous thyroiditis):
- Histological sections show destroyed follicles
- Presence of acute and chronic inflammatory cells
- Granulomatous reaction around colloid fragments and foreign bodies.
Multinodular Goiter:
- Enlarged thyroid gland with a nodular surface.
- Characterized by numerous irregular nodules.
- Some follicles are distended with colloid, while others are collapsed.
- Large colloid-containing follicles may fuse to form larger cysts.
- Epithelial cells range from flat cuboidal to columnar.
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis:
- Enlarged thyroid gland, firm to the touch.
- Weighs approximately 160 grams.
- Cut surface is pale tan and fleshy, with a vaguely nodular pattern.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma:
- Thyroid gland nodule
- White to yellowish cut section with calcified areas.
- Papillae visible grossly.
- Branching of papillae consisting of fibrovascular core with cuboidal/columnar stratified lining.
- Characterized by nuclear features; clear/ground-glass (Orphan Annie) nuclei and nuclear grooves.
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma:
- Thyroid gland mass with a microfollicular pattern.
- Apparent capsular invasion (marked by an arrow).

Parathyroid Gland

Parathyroid Adenoma:
- Predominantly composed of chief cells
- Cells arranged in sheets and cords.

Pituitary Gland

Pituitary Adenoma:
- Abundant cytoplasm with uniform nuclear morphology.
- Stippled chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli.
- Cytoplasmic appearance typically correlates with hormone content of secretory cells.

Adrenal Gland

Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma:
- Section in the adrenal gland cortex.
- Tumor cells with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli.
- Prominent mitotic figures are visible.
- Confluent areas of necrosis may be present.
Pheochromocytoma:
- Adrenal gland medullary mass.
- Tumor cells with abundant basophilic cytoplasm,
- Prominent cell nesting pattern(zellballen).
- Ultrastructural features characterized by abundant secretory granules.
- Norepinephrine-containing granules with a halo between the core and membrane.
Immunohistochemistry (Pheochromocytoma):
- Adrenal gland medullary mass.
- Positive Chromogranin A.

Endocrine Part of Pancreas

Islet of Langerhans (Immunohistochemical Staining):
- Immunoperoxidase staining helps differentiate cells.
- Beta cells (70%, central) are rectangular with a halo, positive for insulin.
- Alpha cells (20%, peripheral) are round with a halo, positive for glucagon.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Insulitis):
- Lymphocytic infiltrates in an edematous islet.
- Suggests an autoimmune mechanism.
- Complete destruction of islets results in lack of insulin.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Amyloid Deposition):
- Islet of Langerhans with pink hyalinization(amyloid) in many islet cells.
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor:
- Tumor with cells resembling islet cells, separated from the pancreas by a thin capsule.
- Functional tumours may lead to hypoglycemia or ulcerative conditions (e.g., Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome).
- Insulinoma is a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor positive for insulin.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various endocrine tumors and diabetes mellitus. This quiz covers characteristics of specific tumors like pheochromocytoma and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, along with related diabetes types and their cellular features. Explore the intricate details of hormonal disorders and their pathophysiology.