Pathology Endocrine Lab PDF Fall 2024

Endocrine Lab FACULTY OF MEDICINE F a l l 2 0 2 4 THYROID GLAND Subacute thyroiditis; Giant cell- De Quervan’s- granulomatous thyroiditis. 1) Section in the thyroid gland. 2) destroyed follicles, acute &chronic inflammatory cells around colloid fragments and F.B granulomatou...

Endocrine Lab FACULTY OF MEDICINE F a l l 2 0 2 4 THYROID GLAND Subacute thyroiditis; Giant cell- De Quervan’s- granulomatous thyroiditis. 1) Section in the thyroid gland. 2) destroyed follicles, acute &chronic inflammatory cells around colloid fragments and F.B granulomatous reaction. Multinodular goiter : 1) Enlarged thyroid gland, nodular surface. 2) and is typically studded with numerous irregular nodules. Multinodular goiter : 1) Enlarged thyroid gland 2) Nodules vary considerably in size and shape and they are separated by fibrous bands. Some follicles are distended with colloid; others are collapsed. Large colloid- containing follicles may fuse to form larger colloid cysts. 3) Lining epithelial cells ranged from flat cuboidal to columnar cells. HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS: 1. Enlarged thyroid gland. 2. The gland is diffusely enlarged and firm, weighing 160 g. 3. The cut surface is pale tan and fleshy with a vaguely nodular pattern Papillary thyroid carcinoma: 1. Thyroid gland nodule. 2. Cut section showed white yellowish color, with calcified areas. 3. The papillae could be seen grossly. Papillary thyroid carcinoma: 1. Branching papillae are composed of a central fibrovascular core and a single or stratified lining of cuboidal to columnar cells. 2. These cells showed characteristic nuclear features; clear (ground-glass or Orphan Annie) nuclei, and nuclear grooves. Follicular thyroid carcinoma: 1. Thyroid gland showing a mass mainly with microfollicular pattern with. 2. Apparent capsular invasion (marked by blue arrow). PARATHYROID GLAND Parathyroid Adenoma : 1. Parathyroid adenoma predominantly composed of chief cells 2. The cells are arranged in sheets and cords. PITUITARY GLAND Pituitary Adenoma : 1. Abundant cytoplasm with a uniform nuclear morphology, stippled chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. 2. Cytoplasmic appearance usually correlates with content of hormone containing secretory cells ADRENAL GLAND Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma 1) Section in the adrenal gland cortex. 2) The tumor cells have large nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Prominent mitotic figures are seen. Confluent areas of necrosis could be present in this adrenal cortical carcinoma. Pheochromocytoma : 1) Adrenal gland medullary mass 2) The tumor cells have abundant basophilic cytoplasm. A prominent cell-nesting pattern (Zellballen) is noted. Ultrastructural features of a pheochromocytoma with abundant secretory granules. The norepinephrine-containing granules have a halo between the dense core and the granule membrane. Immunohistochemistry :Pheochromocytoma : 1) Adrenal gland medullary mass 2) Positive Chromogranin A ENDOCRINE PART OF PANCREASE 1.Islet of Langerhans, immunohistochemical staining with antibody to insulin & glucagon Immunoperoxidase staining can help identify the nature of the cells present in the islets of Langerhans. On the right, antibody to insulin has been employed to identify the beta cells: Beta (70%; central; insulin) rectangular, halo, matrix On the left, antibody to glucagon identifies the alpha cells(20%; peripheral; glucagon) round with grey halo glucagon insulin 2-Type I diabetes mellitus- Insulitis of an islet of Langerhans The presence of the lymphocytic infiltrates in this edematous islet suggests an autoimmune mechanism for this process. The destruction of the islets leads to an absolute lack of insulin that characterizes type I diabetes mellitus. 3-Type II diabetes mellitus- Amyloid deposition in Islet This islet of Langerhans demonstrates pink hyalinization (with deposition of amyloid) in many of the islet cells.  4- Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor A pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, with cells resembling those in the islets of Langerhans, is seen here, separated from the pancreas by a thin collagenous capsule. A few normal islets are seen in the pancreas at the right for comparison. 4- Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor The pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor at the left contrasts with the normal pancreas with islets at the right. Some of these adenomas function. Those that produce insulin may lead to hypoglycemia. Those that produce gastrin may lead to multiple gastric and duodenal ulcerations (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). 4- Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor This is the microscopic appearance of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with an immunohistochemical stain for insulin. Thus, it is an insulinoma. THANK YOU