Endocrine System: Thyroid Gland Quiz

An autoimmune disease causing gradual thyroid failure due to immune destruction of the thyroid gland.

Characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, follicular cell loss, and fibrosis of the thyroid.

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis; an inflammatory condition with granulomas.

Inflammation of the thyroid gland. Several types exist, including autoimmune and infectious forms.

Rare inflammation of the thyroid gland possibly due to infection.

Epithelial cells with abundant eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm. Found in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

Inflammation of the thyroid gland due to the body's immune system attacking its own thyroid cells.

Enlarged thyroid gland, often a symptom of thyroid problems

Protrusion of the eyeball forwards, often associated with thyroid eye disease.

Localized swelling, most commonly on the shins, that can occur in patients with thyroid eye disease. It has a similar appearance and is caused by the same underlying mechanism.

The underlying cause of a goiter is often impaired thyroid hormone synthesis, mainly due to iodine deficiency. This triggers increased TSH production, causing the thyroid to grow.

Goiter that affects a large population in a specific geographical area, usually due to widespread iodine deficiency in the environment.

Goiter that occurs in individuals, not linked to a specific geographical area. It's often related to factors like hormonal changes or increased thyroid hormone demand.

The initial stage of goiter development, characterized by thyroid cell hyperplasia in response to increased TSH. The thyroid gland is enlarged but the individual remains euthyroid (normal thyroid function).

A stage of goiter where the thyroid follicles become filled with colloid (a thick fluid). This can occur if the need for thyroid hormone decreases or iodine deficiency is resolved.

Inflammation of the thyroid triggered by a viral infection, causing follicular epithelial damage due to cytotoxic T-cells. It's self-limiting as the immune response is virus-initiated.

Early stages show neutrophils forming microabscesses, followed by lymphocyte aggregates, activated macrophages, plasma cells, multinucleate giant cells, and eventually fibrosis.

A rare form of thyroiditis with unknown cause, characterized by extensive fibrosis involving the thyroid and surrounding neck structures.

An autoimmune disorder resulting in thyrotoxicosis (overactive thyroid). It often presents with infiltrative ophthalmopathy (eye problems) and sometimes pretibial myxedema (swelling on the shins). More common in women aged 20-40.

Autoantibodies target the TSH receptor, mimicking TSH action (TSI) or stimulating thyroid growth (TGI). The infiltrative ophthalmopathy is T cell-mediated, but the exact antigen is unclear.

Shows diffuse hyperplasia of follicular epithelium with irregular papillary folds, decreased colloid, and lymphocyte accumulation with lymphoid follicle formation.

Characterized by T lymphocyte infiltration, swelling, and accumulation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate in extra-orbital muscles and retro-orbital tissue.

The thyroid gland is moderately enlarged, symmetrical, smooth, fleshy, and red due to increased blood vessels.