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Questions and Answers
What gland releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin?
What gland releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin?
Which hormone stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens?
Which hormone stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens?
Which hormone decreases blood sugar levels?
Which hormone decreases blood sugar levels?
Which hormone increases blood sugar levels?
Which hormone increases blood sugar levels?
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Which hormone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water?
Which hormone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water?
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Which hormone increases energy production and stimulates protein synthesis?
Which hormone increases energy production and stimulates protein synthesis?
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Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels?
Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels?
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Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones?
Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones?
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What is the term for a condition where too much growth hormone is produced in adulthood?
What is the term for a condition where too much growth hormone is produced in adulthood?
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Which condition is caused by congenital hypothyroidism?
Which condition is caused by congenital hypothyroidism?
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In which condition is too much cortisol produced?
In which condition is too much cortisol produced?
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What is the term for a condition where the thyroid gland produces too many thyroid hormones due to antibodies?
What is the term for a condition where the thyroid gland produces too many thyroid hormones due to antibodies?
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Which of the following disorders might be suspected in a patient with weight gain, puffy hands and feet, and low blood pressure?
Which of the following disorders might be suspected in a patient with weight gain, puffy hands and feet, and low blood pressure?
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Which of the following disorders might be suspected in a patient with insomnia, weight loss, and a rapid heart rate?
Which of the following disorders might be suspected in a patient with insomnia, weight loss, and a rapid heart rate?
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What is the term for a condition where too little growth hormone is produced in childhood?
What is the term for a condition where too little growth hormone is produced in childhood?
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Which of the following disorders is characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland?
Which of the following disorders is characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland?
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What is the most likely diagnosis of Mr. Harrison's symptoms?
What is the most likely diagnosis of Mr. Harrison's symptoms?
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Which of the following disorders is characterized by thin skin, high glucose levels, thin extremities, and a large abdomen?
Which of the following disorders is characterized by thin skin, high glucose levels, thin extremities, and a large abdomen?
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What happens to the level of carbon dioxide in the blood when a person hyperventilates?
What happens to the level of carbon dioxide in the blood when a person hyperventilates?
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Which of the following can normally cause an increased respiratory rate and depth?
Which of the following can normally cause an increased respiratory rate and depth?
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What is the function of cilia in the airways?
What is the function of cilia in the airways?
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Which of the following extends from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
Which of the following extends from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
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What is the term for the abnormal growth of bone and cartilage in the face and extremities?
What is the term for the abnormal growth of bone and cartilage in the face and extremities?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Acromegaly?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Acromegaly?
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Which structure helps remove pathogens from the nasal cavity?
Which structure helps remove pathogens from the nasal cavity?
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What divides the nasal cavity into two parts?
What divides the nasal cavity into two parts?
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Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?
Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?
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What allows the lungs to move freely in the thorax?
What allows the lungs to move freely in the thorax?
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What is the medical term for the opening between the vocal cords?
What is the medical term for the opening between the vocal cords?
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What prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing?
What prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing?
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What happens when air enters the lungs?
What happens when air enters the lungs?
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Which part of the brain exerts control on the respiratory rhythm?
Which part of the brain exerts control on the respiratory rhythm?
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What does not affect the respiratory rate?
What does not affect the respiratory rate?
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What is the primary factor that influences the respiratory rhythm?
What is the primary factor that influences the respiratory rhythm?
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What is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume?
What is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume?
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What is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath?
What is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath?
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What is the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation?
What is the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation?
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What is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at all times?
What is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at all times?
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What is the total amount of air that the lungs can hold?
What is the total amount of air that the lungs can hold?
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What is the total amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible?
What is the total amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System
- Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by the posterior pituitary gland.
- The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH).
- The anterior pituitary gland releases luteinizing hormone.
- The thyroid gland releases thyroid hormones, which are stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the prostate and vas deferens during male sexual arousal.
- Insulin decreases blood sugar, while glucagon increases it.
- Aldosterone stimulates the body to retain sodium and water, which is important for maintaining blood pressure.
- Thyroid hormones increase energy production, stimulate protein synthesis, and speed up the repair of damaged tissues.
- Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by activating osteoblasts, which use excess blood calcium to build new bone tissue.
- Cortisol decreases protein synthesis and inflammation.
Hormone-Related Disorders
- Cushing's syndrome is caused by too much cortisol production.
- Dwarfism is a condition in which too little growth hormone is produced in childhood.
- Acromegaly is caused by a pituitary tumor that produces excess growth hormone.
- Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too many thyroid hormones.
- Myxedema is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too little thyroid hormone.
Respiratory System
- The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum.
- Cilia are tiny hair-like structures in the airways that push mucus toward the pharynx.
- The nasal conchae are bony structures that project into the nasal cavity and help to warm, humidify, and filter the air we breathe.
- Alveoli are tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs.
- The pleura is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs, allowing them to move freely in the thorax.
- Bronchioles are the part of the respiratory tree to which the alveoli are attached.
- The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords.
Breathing Process
- When air enters the lungs, the diaphragm flattens, and the intercostal muscles raise the ribs, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
- When air leaves the lungs, the diaphragm relaxes, and the intercostal muscles lower the ribs, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
- The medulla oblongata and pons exert control on the respiratory rhythm.
- The pH of the blood, carbon dioxide levels, and pain can affect the respiratory rate.
Lung Capacities
- Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath.
- Inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation.
- Expiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation.
- Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at all times.
- Vital capacity is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
- Total lung capacity is the total amount of air that the lungs can hold.
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Description
This quiz covers questions related to the release of hormones and the functions of various glands in the human body.
