Endocrine System Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What is gluconeogenesis?

The breakdown of glucose to produce energy.

The creation of new sugar in the liver. (correct)

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose.

The release of glucose from glycogen.

Which test measures glucose levels several hours after eating?

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Fasting Blood Glucose test

HbA1C test

Postprandial Glucose test (correct)

What is a characteristic feature of Type 1 diabetes?

Insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction. (correct)

Higher insulin production over time.

Development during pregnancy.

Insulin resistance.

How does parathyroid hormone contribute to calcium homeostasis?

It raises blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hyperinsulinism have on blood sugar levels?

It can lead to hypoglycemia due to excess insulin. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of diabetes?

Heightened calcium absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of calcitonin in calcium regulation?

It lowers blood calcium levels by increasing calcium excretion. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for insulin resistance seen in Type 2 diabetes?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT produced by the pituitary gland?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Increase calcium levels in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones?

They can pass through the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by excessive calcium in the blood?

Hypercalcemia Signup and view all the answers

In negative feedback regulation, which two hormones are directly related when dealing with thyroxine levels?

TSH and thyroxine Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by excessive thyroid hormone production?

Hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the expulsion of milk from the mammary glands?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucagon in the body?

Stimulate gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hypocalcemia?

Vitamin D deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What effect does prolactin have during breastfeeding?

Stimulates milk production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of hypercortisolism (Cushing disease)?

Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily involved in childbirth and lactation through positive feedback?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood glucose levels when insulin is released?

They decrease Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of hypoinsulinism?

Increased blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

How does oxytocin contribute to childbirth?

Enhances uterine contractions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Endocrine Glands and Their Products

Pituitary Gland: Produces growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, prolactin, ADH, and oxytocin.
Thyroid Gland: Secretes thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.
Parathyroid Glands: Release parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Adrenal Glands: Cortex produces cortisol, aldosterone, androgens; medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Pancreas: Produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
Gonads: Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone; testes produce testosterone.
Pineal Gland: Secretes melatonin.
Thymus: Produces thymosin.

Hormone Solubility

Water-soluble Hormones: Bind to plasma membrane receptors.
Lipid-soluble Hormones: Pass through plasma membrane to bind with internal receptors.

Hormonal Regulation

Negative Feedback: Reduces hormone levels to maintain balance (e.g., thyroxine-TSH-TRH relationship).
Positive Feedback: Amplifies responses for specific outcomes (e.g., oxytocin release during childbirth).

Thyroid Disorders

Hypothyroidism: Low thyroid hormone production; symptoms include cold intolerance, weight gain, slow heart rate.
Hyperthyroidism: Excessive thyroid hormone production; symptoms include weight loss, heat intolerance, and rapid heart rate.

Calcium Disorders

Hypocalcemia: Low blood calcium; symptoms may arise from Vitamin D deficiency or parathyroid gland issues.
Hypercalcemia: High blood calcium; caused by enlarged parathyroid glands or hormonal imbalances.

Cushing's Syndrome

Hypercortisolism: Excess cortisol; signs include weight gain, hypertension, and pupil dilation.

Maternal Milk Delivery

Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection; produced in hypothalamus.
Prolactin: Responsible for milk production; inhibited during breastfeeding due to hormone changes.

Glucose Regulation

Glucagon: Released by alpha cells in low glucose scenarios; stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Insulin: Released by beta cells in response to high glucose; facilitates glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis.

Metabolic Processes

Gluconeogenesis: Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
Glycogen Synthesis: Formation of glycogen from glucose.
Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose for energy.

Glucose Measurement Techniques

Fasting Blood Glucose Test
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
HbA1C Test
Postprandial Glucose Test

Hyperinsulinism

Excess insulin can lead to hypoglycemia due to increased glucose uptake by cells.

Diabetes Types

Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells; leads to little to no insulin production.
Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin resistance in cells; pancreas fails to produce adequate insulin over time.
Gestational Diabetes: Diabetes during pregnancy; usually resolves post-delivery, caused by placental hormones.

Diabetes Impact

Increased risk of heart disease, neuropathy, kidney damage, retinopathy, infections, poor circulation, sexual dysfunction, and weakened immune response.

Calcium Homeostasis Regulation

Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium by reducing bone resorption and promoting excretion.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Raises blood calcium by increasing bone resorption and reducing urinary calcium loss.
Vitamin D: Enhances calcium absorption and balances calcium in the blood.

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Description

Prepare for Exam 1 with this comprehensive study guide on the locations and products of all endocrine glands in the human body. Focus on the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas, along with their hormones. Review essential concepts to ensure a strong understanding of endocrine functions.