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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of Growth Hormone?
Which hormone primarily affects metabolism and impacts blood glucose levels?
What physiological change may occur due to excess Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Graves’ disease is characterized by which of the following symptoms?
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What the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system?
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What effect does the Adrenocorticotropic hormone have on skin pigmentation?
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How does hyperthyroidism affect metabolism?
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What role do Gonadotropic Hormones play?
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What is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism?
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What impact does Growth Hormone have on lipid metabolism?
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What is the primary role of hormones in the body according to the content?
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What characteristic of water-soluble hormones allows them to function effectively in the bloodstream?
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Which function is NOT mentioned as being regulated by hormones in the content?
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How do hormones affect uterine contractions and milk release?
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Which of the following aspects is NOT typically controlled by hormones?
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What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?
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Which of the following accurately describes hormones?
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What role do neurohormones play in the body?
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What is a defining characteristic of exocrine glands?
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How does the endocrine system respond to a change in body state?
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Which gland is primarily responsible for controlling the pituitary gland?
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What defines target tissues in relation to hormones?
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What is the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
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What does the Lock and Key theory in the endocrine system describe?
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What is the main function of Prolactin in the body?
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Which hormone primarily regulates the contraction of the uterus?
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Which hormone is involved in concentrating urine and preventing diuresis?
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Which gland controls the functions of many other glands in the endocrine system?
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What effect does Luteinizing hormone have on the ovaries?
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What is the role of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?
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Which hormone is responsible for the letdown reflex during breastfeeding?
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What does the term 'target tissue' refer to in the context of hormone action?
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What is one of the effects of higher levels of oxytocin?
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What role do androgens play in relation to male characteristics?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing the uptake and use of glucose?
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How does the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System primarily help maintain blood pressure?
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What is the effect of elevated testosterone levels in females?
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What triggers the release of insulin from beta cells?
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What is the function of aldosterone in the body?
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What does somatostatin, secreted by delta cells, primarily inhibit?
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What is the role of Angiotensin II in the body?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System
- Functions: control of reproductive functions, control of food intake and digestion, ion regulation, immune system regulation, water balance, heart rate and blood pressure regulation, uterine contraction and milk release, regulation of insulin
- Characteristics: composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body.
- Hormones: chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood
- Target tissues: specific sites where hormones produce a particular response of the target tissues
- Exocrine glands: have ducts that carry their secretions to the outside of the body
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis: hypothalamus controls pituitary gland to release hormones
Chemical Nature of Hormones
- Water Soluble (Polar): hormones attach to a receptor in the cell membrane to elicit a response to change cellular characteristics
- Lipid Soluble (Nonpolar): hormones diffuse through the cell membrane to bind with receptors in the cytoplasm or the nucleus
- Regulation of Hormone Levels in the Blood: hormones maintain homeostasis by releasing receptors
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland: controls the functions of many other glands, secretes hormones that influence growth, kidney function, birth, and milk production
- Hypothalamus: controls the pituitary gland to release hormones
Anterior Pituitary Gland
-
Growth Hormone (GH)
- Most tissues
- Increases protein synthesis by increasing gene expression
- Breakdown of lipids
- Release of fatty acids from cells
- Increases blood glucose levels
- Aids in development and function of adrenal hormone: Glucocorticoid hormone
- Most tissues
-
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Adrenal Cortex
- Promotes synthesis and secretion of Glucocorticoid hormone
- Increases skin pigmentation
- Adrenal Cortex
-
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH
- Thyroid Gland
- Stimulates the production of T3 and T4
- Enlarge/develop thyroid gland
- Thyroid Gland
-
Gonadotropins
- For Reproduction
- Aids in development of ovaries and testes
- Production of gametes (sex cells)
- For Reproduction
Posterior Pituitary Gland
-
Oxytocin
- Milk letdown
- Increased by breastfeeding
- Higher level = higher uterine contraction
- Prevents uterine bleeding that causes postpartum hemorrhage
- Prevents diuresis (urine formation)
-
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Kidneys
- Concentrates urine
- Kidneys
Thyroid Gland
-
Hyperthyroidism
- Elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion
-
Goiter
- Excess TSH
- Low in iodine diet
-
Graves' Disease
- Hyperthyroidism that results when the immune system produces abnormal proteins.
- Symptoms:
- Increase metabolism
- Palpitation
- Heat intolerance
- Anorexia
- Exophthalmia (bulging of the eyes)
Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action
- Receptors: where hormones exert action by binding to proteins
- Receptor Site: the portion of each receptor molecule where a hormone binds
- Specificity: tendency of hormones to bind to one type of receptor (Lock and key Theory)
- Target Tissue: the responding tissue based on the hormone released
Pancreas
-
Insulin
- Produced by beta cells
- Increases uptake and use of glucose and amino acids
- Released in response to elevated blood glucose level (decreases blood glucose)
- Functions as anabolic hormone
-
Glucagon
- Produced by alpha cells
- Increases blood glucose levels
- Functions as catabolic hormone
Other Hormones
-
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
- Stimulates melanocytes to release melanin
-
Prolactin
- Promotes development of breast during pregnancy
- Milk production (mammary glands)
-
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- For Reproduction
- Promotes ovulation, production of estrogen and progesterone on ovary
- For Reproduction
-
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- For Reproduction
- Promotes follicle maturation and secretion of estrogen in ovary
- For Reproduction
-
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- Helps maintain blood pressure when there is a drop in BP due to Na+ secretion or loss in fluid volume
-
Androgens
- Hirsutism (masculinization)
- Excessive hair due to high testosterone level
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the endocrine system, including its functions, characteristics, and the role of hormones as chemical messengers. This quiz covers both water soluble and lipid soluble hormones, their mechanisms of action, and the importance of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
