ENDOCRINE.pdf

neurotransmitter - sands signals ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY [MC_101] neuromodulator...

neurotransmitter - sands signals ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY [MC_101] neuromodulator neurohormones · - regulates neurotransmitters can act as a neurotransmitter and hormone Endocrine System TOPIC OUTLINE  Chemical messenger that is secreted into the Hormones 1 Endocrine blood 2 Chemical Messengers  Specific sites where hormones produce a Target tissues particular response of the target tissues 3 Functions of the Endocrine System 4 Characteristics of the Endocrine System  have ducts that carry their secretions to the Exocrine glands outside of the body 5 Chemical Nature of Hormones  Change in body state → send stimulus to endocrine cell → 6 Regulation of Hormone Levels in the Blood stimulus results to release in hormone → hormone goes to target 7 Endocrine Glands And Their Hormones organ → response (opposite of the stimulus)  Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland to release hormones ENDOCRINE (Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis)  Composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body.  Hypothalamus release hormones → pituitary gland release stimulating hormones → target endocrine gland Regulators of the Body Nervous System  neurotransmitters, nerve impulse Endocrine System  hormones chemicals CHEMICAL MESSENGERS  Allow cells to communicate with each other Classes of Chemical Messengers  Auto = “self” sccrete locally secrates itself · ; Autocrine  Stimulates the cell that originally secreted it.  WBCs during an infection  Act locally on nearby cells released bycellthata ·  WBCs during allergic reactions Paracrine  Produced by tissues and secreted into extra- cellular fluid  Activates an adjacent cell Neurotransmitter  Produced by neurons  Endo = “inside” Endocrine  Secreted into the blood by specialized cells  Targets cell CHEMICAL NATURE OF HORMONES FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Chemical Natures  MC3 I2WHUT nuclear receptors  Hydrophobic (water fearing) Lipid Soluble  Can cross the cell membrane freely Non-Polar Functions -needs a "chaperone"  Can dissolve in the cell membrane 1. Metabolism membrane bound  Hydrophilic 2. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients receptors  Cannot cross the cell membrane 3. Control of reproductive functions Water Soluble  Hormones attach to a receptor in the cell 4. Control of food intake and digestion Polar - can dissolve membrane to elicit a response to change cellular 5. Ion regulation in blood characteristics 6. Immune system regulation REGULATION OF HORMONE LEVELS IN THE BLOOD 7. Water balance 8. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation Regulators 9. Uterine contraction and milk release  Hormones maintain homeostasis by releasing 10. Tissue development Negative opposite response Feedback  If maximum set point is exceeded, hormone  Pituitary gland - "master gland" production is halted  Hypothalamus - "master control" for endocrine system  Abnormal (normal in childbirth) and clotting Positive  Augments the stimuli CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM feedback  Tropic hormones stimulate the release of other hormones like platclets when clotting happens it activates more platelets , Characteristics of the Endocrine System \ 1 Dolloza, Nicole Alexie P. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY [MC_101] Endocrine System  Lock and Key theory - hormone will only lock into a specific receptor Melanocyte- in its cell; no other hormone can attach Stimulating  Stimulate melanocyte to release melanin Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action Hormone  Where hormones exert action by binding to  Promote development of breast during Receptors Prolactin pregnancy proteins Mammary Glands  Milk production  The portion of each receptor molecule where a Receptor site Luteinizing  Promotes ovulation production on ovary hormone binds FORREPRO Hormone and progesterone  Tendency of hormones to bind to one type of Specificity Follicle-stimulating  Promotes follicle maturation secretion receptor Lock and key Theory REPRO FOR hormone in ovary  The responding tissue based on the hormone Target tissue released Posterior Pituitary Gland  Milk letdown; increased by ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR HORMONES breastfeeding Oxytocin  Higher level = higher uterine contraction Pituitary and Hypothalamus uterus  Prevents uterine bleeding that causes  Hypophysis postpartum hemorrhage Pituitary  Controls the functions of many other glands  Prevent diuresis (urine formation) Gland  Secrets hormones that influence growth, kidney Antidiuretic hormone Kidneys  Concentrates urine function, birth, milk prod.  Adenohypophysis Canterior pituitary( Anterior Pineal Gland  "Glandular" produces and secretes majority of hormones a  Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing  Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary ( ADH ; Oxicytosin hormone (thus inhibits reproduction)  "Neuronal" regulated by neurons Melatonin Posterior  Biological clock (day & night cycle / wake-sleep  An extension of the brain; composed of cycle) nerve cells  Controls the Pituitary gland by hormonal Hypothalamus Thymus control and direct innervation  Belongs in Endocrine and Lymphatic system  A stalk that connects the pituitary gland and Infundibulum  Promotes immune system development and the hypothalamus function Hypothalamic- Thymosin  Capillary beds and veins that transport the  Helps the development of certain WBC (T-cells) Pituitary releasing and inhibiting hormones  Aids in maturation of lymphocytes Portal System Thyroid  has units called Thyroid follicle that contains thyroglobulin that contains thyroid hormones (T3: Tri-iodothyronine) and T4: Thyroxin)  C-cells Parafollicular  secretes calcitonin that decrease calcium cells level in the glands because of deposition of calcium into the bone (formation)  Decreases rate of bone breakdown Calcitonin lowers calcium  Prevents large increase in blood Ca2+ levels Calcium  Neurotransmitter release and muscle contraction Thyroid  Increases metabolic rates 1. Infundibulum 2. Posterior PTG 3. Anterior PTG hormones  Essential for normal process of growth Hypothalamic- Anterior Pituitary Gland  Capillary beds and veins that transport the Pituitary Portal  Maintain metabolism releasing and inhibiting hormones System  Affects body growth by stimulating protein synthesis by increasing gene Hyperthyroidism  Elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion Growth Hormone expression Goiter  Excess TSH; low in iodine diet Most Tissues  Breakdown of lipids; Release of fatty acids from cells  Hyperthyroidism that results when the  Increases blood glucose levels immune system produces abnormal proteins  Aids in development and function of Symptoms: Adrenocorticotropic adrenal hormone: Glucocorticoid hormone Graves’ disease  Increase metabolism Adrenal Cortex  Increases skin pigmentation  Palpitation  Promotes synthesis and secretion of  Heat intolerance Thyroid Stimulating  Anorexia thyroid hormone ; also stimulates the production of T30T4 Hormone Thyroid Gland  Enlarge/develop thyroid gland Exophthalmia  Bulging of the eyes Gonadotropic  Aids in development of ovaries and FOR REPRO Hormone testes; production of gametes Isex cells) 2 Dolloza, Nicole Alexie P. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY [MC_101] Endocrine System Parathyroid Gland  Increases blood flow to  Secretes parathyroid hormone that increase skeletal muscles & heart calcium level in the blood because of stimulation  Increases release of glucose Parathyroid and fatty acids into blood of bone break down Hormone increases calcium  Increases rate of bone breakdown by  Prepares body for physical osteoclasts activity Pancreas  Releases into ductal system Exocrine  Responsible for digestive enzymes  Releases to the blood  Produced by alpha cells  Increases blood glucose level; functions as catabolic hormone Glucagon (breakdown fat/glycogen stores to increases blood glucose produce glucose)  Released in response to low blood glucose level  Having high amount of glucose in the blood Symptoms: Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Polyphagia - excessive hunger; cells are not able to utilize glucose in blood Adrenal gland Polydipsia - excessive thirst caused  SUPRARENAL GLAND by high level of glucose in blood and  "adherent/attach" to the kidney (renal) need water to balance the level of  Cortisol increases blood sugar - glucose  Influences level of glucose Polyuria - excessive urge to urinate Glucocorticoids in the blood (increased in  Having little to low times of stress) ; Endocrine Diabetes production of insulin  Fight or flight Mellitus because of the damage to Type 1 B-cells of the pancreas  Aldosterone low blood pressure  "Juvenile Diabetes"  Controls minerals in body  Patients are thin especially Na+ (Na+  Insulin resistance retention) because of damage in Mineralocorticoids  "Where Na+ goes, water insulin receptors resulting to follows" Cortex no hormonal response  Increase in fluid volume in Type 2  “Acquired Diabetes“ the body especially  Insufficient no. of insulin intravascular volume receptors  Male sex hormone;  Patients are overweight stimulates the development or obese of male characteristics  Produced by beta cells  Increases female sex drive  Increases uptake and use of Androgens glucose and amino acids Hirsutism – masculinization Insulin  Released in response to elevated (inner cortex); excessive hair decreases blood blood glucose level (decreases) & because of high testosterone glucose parasympathetic stimulation level  Functions as anabolic hormone  Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System - help maintain blood pressure when there is a drop of bp due to Na+ secretion or loss in fluid volume (increases bp) delta cells-secrete somatostatin Renin activates Angiostinogen in liver to become Angiotensin I and goes to the lungs to become Agiotensin II (vasoconstrictor) by Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) then goes to adrenal gland to stimulate the release of aldosterone for Na+ retention resulting to increase in fluid volume that causes increase in bp.  Epinephrine (Adrenalin) & Norepinephrine for sympathetic Medulla Catecholamine nervous response  Fight-or-flight hormones  Increases cardiac output 3 Dolloza, Nicole Alexie P.