Parathyroid Glands
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical location of the parathyroid glands in most species?

  • Inside the liver
  • At the poles of the thyroid glands (correct)
  • Within the pancreas
  • Near the kidneys

    • Which type of cells in the parathyroid gland are involved in the synthesis and secretion of PTH?

  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Parathyroid chief cells (correct)
  • Osteogenic cells

    • How are protein and peptide hormones like PTH usually synthesized?

  • Active molecule in the cytoplasm, hormone in Golgi apparatus, then prohormone
  • Inactive molecule in the ER, prohormone in Golgi apparatus, then hormone (correct)
  • Prohormone in Golgi apparatus, inactive molecule in ER, then hormone
  • Inactive molecule in Golgi apparatus, prohormone in ER, then hormone

    • Which hormone is associated with stimulating osteoclast activity for bone resorption?

    <p>PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of calcitriol in calcium metabolism?

    <p>Enhancing calcium absorption from the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood?

    <p>Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of PTH (Parathormone) from chief cells?

    <p>Decrease in blood ionized calcium (hypocalcemia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Prepro-PTH synthesized before being cleaved to pro-PTH?

    <p>rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Oxphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Unknown function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle removes the 'pro' portion from prepro-PTH to form active PTH?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are present on the parathyroid gland membrane to sense changes in blood ionized calcium?

    <p>G-Protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Parathormone (PTH) once it is secreted?

    <p>5-10 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general location of the parathyroid glands in relation to the thyroid glands?

    <p>Within the lobes of the thyroid glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the parathyroid gland are primarily responsible for the synthesis and secretion of PTH?

    <p>Parathyroid chief cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form is PTH usually synthesized and stored within the parathyroid gland before secretion?

    <p>Prohormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major role of calcitriol in calcium metabolism?

    <p>Promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly represents the synthesis process of most protein and peptide hormones, including PTH?

    <p>Inactive molecule in the ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by hypercalcemia?

    <p>High level of calcium in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of PTH (Parathormone) from chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Increase in blood ionized calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the removal of the 'pro' portion from prepro-PTH to form active PTH in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of phosphate (PO4) in physiological homeostasis as it relates to the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Buffer system in blood coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to PTH (Parathormone) once it is secreted from the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Metabolized by liver and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the parathyroid gland are larger than chief cells and have unknown function but exhibit enzymatic activities?

    <p>Oxyphil cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of calcium in blood coagulation and enzyme activation as related to the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Activation of several enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical number of pairs of parathyroid glands found in most species?

    <p>Two pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the parathyroid gland have larger size than chief cells and exhibit enzymatic activities, yet their function remains unknown?

    <p>Oxyphil cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the synthesis pathway, what is the state of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) when it is stored within the parathyroid gland awaiting secretion?

    <p>Inactive prohormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the cell does the cleavage from prepro-PTH to pro-PTH typically occur before packaging into secretory granules for secretion?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Calcitonin as it relates to calcium and phosphate homeostasis?

    <p>Inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Oxphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Unknown function, but exhibit enzymatic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis and cleavage of prepro-PTH to form pro-PTH in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum (rER)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of PTH from chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium in physiological homeostasis as it relates to the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Synthesis of phosphate (PO4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of phosphate (PO4) in physiological homeostasis as it relates to the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Activation of several enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are present on the parathyroid gland membrane to sense changes in blood ionized calcium?

    <p>G-Protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical number of pairs of parathyroid glands found in most species?

    <p>Two pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is associated with stimulating osteoclast activity for bone resorption?

    <p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Parathormone (PTH) once it is secreted?

    <p>6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the parathyroid glands usually located in most species?

    <p>At the poles of the thyroid glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) from chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Oxphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Unknown function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Oxphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Secretion of enzymes for digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the blood PTH levels when there is an increase in blood ionized calcium?

    <p>Secretion of PTH decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the metabolism of Parathormone (PTH) after secretion?

    <p>Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Calcium and Phosphate in the context of muscle contraction and nerve cell activity?

    <p>Composition of cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the parathyroid gland respond to hypocalcemia?

    <p>Release of PTH increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs in the Golgi apparatus before Parathormone (PTH) is secreted by exocytosis?

    <p>'Pro' portion removal from pro-PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main gland involved in Calcium and Phosphate metabolism?

    <p>Parathyroid Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium and phosphate in blood coagulation and enzyme activation as related to the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Maintain structural integrity of bones and teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the metabolism of Parathormone (PTH) after secretion?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Oxphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Unknown function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of PTH (Parathormone) from chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the parathyroid glands usually located in most species?

    <p>Near the thyroid glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of calcium in muscle contraction and nerve cell activity as related to the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Facilitate neurotransmitter release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are protein and peptide hormones like PTH usually synthesized?

    <p>In endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of PTH (Parathormone) from chief cells?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis and cleavage of prepro-PTH to form pro-PTH in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs before Parathormone (PTH) is secreted by exocytosis?

    <p>Removal of 'pro' portion in Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of parathyroid hormones on target tissues/organs?

    <p>Activating osteoclasts for bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is usually synthesized as an inactive molecule in the ER before being cleaved into its active form in the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between PTH and calcitonin in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis?

    <p>PTH and calcitonin have opposing effects on blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Parathyroid oxyphil cells within the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Maintaining bone canaliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does PTH affect calcitriol activation and its importance in calcium metabolism?

    <p>Promotes calcitriol activation to increase calcium absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological relevance of calcium and phosphate to maintain body homeostasis?

    <p>Regulate key biological functions like muscle contraction and nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for packaging pre-prohormones into secretory granules before their secretion?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the macroanatomy description of the typical location of parathyroid glands in relation to the thyroid glands?

    <p>Embedded in the lobes of the thyroid glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of G-protein coupled receptors on the parathyroid gland membrane?

    <p>Detect changes in blood ionized calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood PTH levels when there is a decrease in blood ionized calcium?

    <p>PTH levels increase to counter hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

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