Parathyroid Glands
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical location of the parathyroid glands in most species?

  • Inside the liver
  • At the poles of the thyroid glands (correct)
  • Within the pancreas
  • Near the kidneys

Which type of cells in the parathyroid gland are involved in the synthesis and secretion of PTH?

  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Parathyroid chief cells (correct)
  • Osteogenic cells

How are protein and peptide hormones like PTH usually synthesized?

  • Active molecule in the cytoplasm, hormone in Golgi apparatus, then prohormone
  • Inactive molecule in the ER, prohormone in Golgi apparatus, then hormone (correct)
  • Prohormone in Golgi apparatus, inactive molecule in ER, then hormone
  • Inactive molecule in Golgi apparatus, prohormone in ER, then hormone

Which hormone is associated with stimulating osteoclast activity for bone resorption?

<p>PTH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of calcitriol in calcium metabolism?

<p>Enhancing calcium absorption from the intestines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood?

<p>Hypercalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of PTH (Parathormone) from chief cells?

<p>Decrease in blood ionized calcium (hypocalcemia) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is Prepro-PTH synthesized before being cleaved to pro-PTH?

<p>rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Oxphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Unknown function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle removes the 'pro' portion from prepro-PTH to form active PTH?

<p>Golgi apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are present on the parathyroid gland membrane to sense changes in blood ionized calcium?

<p>G-Protein coupled receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of Parathormone (PTH) once it is secreted?

<p>5-10 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general location of the parathyroid glands in relation to the thyroid glands?

<p>Within the lobes of the thyroid glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in the parathyroid gland are primarily responsible for the synthesis and secretion of PTH?

<p>Parathyroid chief cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what form is PTH usually synthesized and stored within the parathyroid gland before secretion?

<p>Prohormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major role of calcitriol in calcium metabolism?

<p>Promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents the synthesis process of most protein and peptide hormones, including PTH?

<p>Inactive molecule in the ER (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by hypercalcemia?

<p>High level of calcium in blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of PTH (Parathormone) from chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Increase in blood ionized calcium levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for the removal of the 'pro' portion from prepro-PTH to form active PTH in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of phosphate (PO4) in physiological homeostasis as it relates to the parathyroid gland?

<p>Buffer system in blood coagulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to PTH (Parathormone) once it is secreted from the parathyroid gland?

<p>Metabolized by liver and kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the parathyroid gland are larger than chief cells and have unknown function but exhibit enzymatic activities?

<p>Oxyphil cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of calcium in blood coagulation and enzyme activation as related to the parathyroid gland?

<p>Activation of several enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical number of pairs of parathyroid glands found in most species?

<p>Two pairs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in the parathyroid gland have larger size than chief cells and exhibit enzymatic activities, yet their function remains unknown?

<p>Oxyphil cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the synthesis pathway, what is the state of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) when it is stored within the parathyroid gland awaiting secretion?

<p>Inactive prohormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where in the cell does the cleavage from prepro-PTH to pro-PTH typically occur before packaging into secretory granules for secretion?

<p>Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood?

<p>Hypocalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Calcitonin as it relates to calcium and phosphate homeostasis?

<p>Inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Oxphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Unknown function, but exhibit enzymatic activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis and cleavage of prepro-PTH to form pro-PTH in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (rER) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of PTH from chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Hypocalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium in physiological homeostasis as it relates to the parathyroid gland?

<p>Synthesis of phosphate (PO4) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of phosphate (PO4) in physiological homeostasis as it relates to the parathyroid gland?

<p>Activation of several enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors are present on the parathyroid gland membrane to sense changes in blood ionized calcium?

<p>G-Protein coupled receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical number of pairs of parathyroid glands found in most species?

<p>Two pairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is associated with stimulating osteoclast activity for bone resorption?

<p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of Parathormone (PTH) once it is secreted?

<p>6 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the parathyroid glands usually located in most species?

<p>At the poles of the thyroid glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) from chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Hypocalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Oxphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Unknown function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Oxphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Secretion of enzymes for digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the blood PTH levels when there is an increase in blood ionized calcium?

<p>Secretion of PTH decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for the metabolism of Parathormone (PTH) after secretion?

<p>Golgi Apparatus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Calcium and Phosphate in the context of muscle contraction and nerve cell activity?

<p>Composition of cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the parathyroid gland respond to hypocalcemia?

<p>Release of PTH increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the Golgi apparatus before Parathormone (PTH) is secreted by exocytosis?

<p>'Pro' portion removal from pro-PTH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main gland involved in Calcium and Phosphate metabolism?

<p>Parathyroid Gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium and phosphate in blood coagulation and enzyme activation as related to the parathyroid gland?

<p>Maintain structural integrity of bones and teeth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for the metabolism of Parathormone (PTH) after secretion?

<p>Lysosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Oxphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Unknown function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of PTH (Parathormone) from chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Hypocalcemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the parathyroid glands usually located in most species?

<p>Near the thyroid glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of calcium in muscle contraction and nerve cell activity as related to the parathyroid gland?

<p>Facilitate neurotransmitter release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are protein and peptide hormones like PTH usually synthesized?

<p>In endoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of PTH (Parathormone) from chief cells?

<p>Hypocalcemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis and cleavage of prepro-PTH to form pro-PTH in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs before Parathormone (PTH) is secreted by exocytosis?

<p>Removal of 'pro' portion in Golgi apparatus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of parathyroid hormones on target tissues/organs?

<p>Activating osteoclasts for bone resorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is usually synthesized as an inactive molecule in the ER before being cleaved into its active form in the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between PTH and calcitonin in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis?

<p>PTH and calcitonin have opposing effects on blood calcium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Parathyroid oxyphil cells within the parathyroid gland?

<p>Maintaining bone canaliculi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does PTH affect calcitriol activation and its importance in calcium metabolism?

<p>Promotes calcitriol activation to increase calcium absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main physiological relevance of calcium and phosphate to maintain body homeostasis?

<p>Regulate key biological functions like muscle contraction and nerve impulses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for packaging pre-prohormones into secretory granules before their secretion?

<p>Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the macroanatomy description of the typical location of parathyroid glands in relation to the thyroid glands?

<p>Embedded in the lobes of the thyroid glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of G-protein coupled receptors on the parathyroid gland membrane?

<p>Detect changes in blood ionized calcium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood PTH levels when there is a decrease in blood ionized calcium?

<p>PTH levels increase to counter hypocalcemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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